1. Lesson 8 CDT301 – Compiler Theory, Spring 2011 Teacher: Linus Källberg

2. 2 Outline Bottom-up parsing: –Derivations and reductions –Shift-reduce parsing –LR parsing

3. BOTTOM-UP PARSING 3

4. Derivations and reductions Grammar: E → E + T | T T → T * F | F F → ( E ) | id 4

5. Derivations and reductions id * id F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E E ⇒ T ⇒ T * F ⇒ F * F ⇒ id * F ⇒ id * id

6. Derivations and reductions Leftmost derivation, E ⇒ * lm id * id: E ⇒ T ⇒ T * F ⇒ F * F ⇒ id * F ⇒ id * id Rightmost derivation, E ⇒ * rm id * id: E ⇒ T ⇒ T * F ⇒ T * id ⇒ F * id ⇒ id * id 6

7. Derivations and reductions Reduction = reverse derivation Rightmost derivation: E ⇒ T ⇒ T * F ⇒ T * id ⇒ F * id ⇒ id * id Leftmost reduction: id * id ⇐ F * id ⇐ T * id ⇐ T * F ⇐ T ⇐ E 7

8. Handles 8 ReductionHandle id * id ⇐ F * id ⇐ T * id ⇐ T * F ⇐ T ⇐ E F → id T → F F → id T → T * F E → T

9. Derivations and reductions id * id F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E F T F T E id * id ⇐ F * id ⇐ T * id ⇐ T * F ⇐ T ⇐ E

10. Exercise (1) Given the previous expression grammar, E → E + T | T T → T * F | F F → ( E ) | id a)write down the leftmost reduction of the string (id + id). b)write down the handles in all the sentential forms along the reduction. 10

11. Shift-reduce parsers Performs a leftmost reduction More powerful than top-down parsers Commonly generated by parser generators 11

12. Shift-reduce parsers Four actions: –Shift: consume and “shift” a terminal onto a stack –Reduce: pop a handle from the stack and push the nonterminal –Accept –Error 12

13. Shift-reduce parsing in action StackInputAction $ id * id $sh. id $ id* id $red. by F → id $ F* id $red. by T → F $ T* id $sh. * $ T *id $sh. id $ T * id$red. by F → id $ T * F$red. by T → T * F $ T$red. by E → T $ E$accept 13 id * id ⇐ F * id ⇐ T * id ⇐ T * F ⇐ T ⇐ E

14. Exercise (2) Similar to the previous demonstration, do a shift-reduce parse of the same string, (id + id), as in the previous exercise, using the same grammar: E → E + T | T T → T * F | F F → ( E ) | id Tip: reuse your leftmost reduction from the previous exercise. 14

15. LR(k) parsing Implementation of shift-reduce parsing Left-to-right scanning of the input, Rightmost derivation in reverse k = 0 or k = 1: nr of lookahead tokens 15

16. Why LR parsing? LR(k) more powerful than LL(k) Efficient Early detection of syntax errors 16

17. Overview of LR parsing Table-driven Shifts states onto the stack –One state represents: symbol + context 17

18. (1)E → E + T (2)E → T (3)T → T * F (4)T → F (5)F → ( E ) (6)F → id 18 State ACTIONGOTO id+*()$ETF 0s5s4123 1s6acc 2r2s7r2 3r4 4s5s4823 5r6 6s5s493 7s5s410 8s6s11 9r1s7r1 10r3 11r5

19. LR parsing algorithm push state 0 repeat until success: s ← state on stack top a ← lookahead token case ACTION [s, a] of shift t: consume a push t reduce by A → β: pop |β| states t ← state on stack top push GOTO [t, A] accept: success ← true empty: handle error 19

20. LR parsing in action StackInputAction $ 0id * id $sh. 5 $ 0 5 id * id $red. by (6) F → id $ 0 3 F * id $red. by (4) T → F $ 0 2 T * id $sh. 7 $ 0 2 T 7 * id $sh. 5 $ 0 2 T 7 * 5 id $red. by (6) F → id $ 0 2 T 7 * 10 F $red. by (3) T → T * F $ 0 2 T $red. by (2) E → T $ 0 1 E $accept 20

21. Exercise (3) Parse the string “hxe”. (1) S → h B e (2) B → B A (3) B → ε (4) A → x (5) A → t 21 State ACTIONGOTO hxte$SBA 0s21 1acc 2r3 3 3s6s7s45 4r1 5r2 6r4 7r5

22. Constructing the parsing table Several methods: –Simple LR (SLR) –Canonical LR –LookAhead LR (LALR) Next time: SLR 22

23. Conclusion Bottom-up parsing vs. top-down parsing Derivations and reductions –Sentential forms –Handles Shift-reduce parsing LR parsing 23

24. Next time Creating LR parsing tables using the simple LR method 24