1. Binary Operations
Let S be any given set. A binary operation  on S is a correspondence that associates with each ordered pair (a, b) of elements of S a uniquely determined element
a  b = c where c  S

3. Discussion
Can you determine some other binary operations on the whole numbers?
Can you make up a “binary operation” over the integers that fails to satisfy the uniqueness criteria?

4. Power Set Operation Is  a binary operation on (A)?
Is a binary operation on (B)?

5. Whole Number Subsets Let E = set of even whole numbers.
Are + and  binary operations on E?
Let O = set of odd whole numbers.
Are + and  binary operations on O?

6. Binary Operation Properties
Let  be a binary operation defined on the set A.
Closure Property: For all x,y  A
x  y  A
Commutative Property: For all x,y  A x  y = y  x (order)

7. Associative Property: For all x,y,z A
x  ( y  z )=( x  y )  z
Identity: e is called the identity for the operation if for all x  A
x  e = e  x = x

8. Discussion
Which of the binary operation properties hold for multiplication over the whole numbers?
What about for subtraction over the integers?

9. Exploration
Define a binary operation  over the integers. Determine which properties of the binary operation hold.
a  b = b
a  b =larger of a and b
a  b = a+b-1
a  b=a+ b+ ab

10. Discussion Let (A) be the power set of A.
Which binary operation properties hold for  ?
For  ?

11. Set Definitions of Operations
Let a, b  Whole Numbers
Let A, B be sets with n(A) = a and
n(B)=b
If A  B =ø (Disjoint sets),
then a + b = n(AB)
If B A, then a-b = n(A\B)

12. For any sets A and B, a  b = n(AB)
For any set A and whole number m,
a m = partition of n(A) elements of A into m groups.

13. Finite Sets and Operations
Power Set of a Finite Set
Rigid Motions of a Figure

14. Exploration Let A = {a,b}, then (A) has 4 elements: S1 =ø S2 = {a}
S3 = {b}
S4 = {a,b}

15. Define + on the Power Set by a table
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

16. Is + a binary operation? Is it closed?
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

17. Does an identity exists? If so, what is it?
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

18. Is the operation commutative? How can you tell from the table?
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

19. Can the table be used to determine if the operation is associative? How?
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

20. Determine a definition for the operation + using ,  and \
+ S1 S2 S3 S4
S1 S1 S2 S3 S4
S2 S2 S1 S4 S3
S3 S3 S4 S1 S2
S4 S4 S3 S2 S1

21. Exploration Extension
Suppose for (A) that ab = a  b.
Q1: Construct an operation table using this definition.
Q2: What is the identity for a  b?
Q3: Does the distributive property hold for a(b + c) = (a  b) +(a  c)?
Try a few cases.

22. Arthur Cayley
Born: 16 Aug Died: 26 Jan 1895

23. In 1863 Cayley was appointed Sadleirian professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge.
He published over 900 papers and notes covering nearly every aspect of modern mathematics.

24. The most important of his work was developing the algebra of matrices, work in non-Euclidean geometry and n-dimensional geometry.
As early as 1849 Cayley wrote a paper linking his ideas on permutations with Cauchy's.
In 1854 Cayley wrote two papers which are remarkable for the insight they have of abstract groups.

25. At that time the only known groups were permutation groups and even this was a radically new area, yet Cayley defines an abstract group and gives a table to display the group multiplication.
These tables become known as Cayley Tables.

26. He gives the 'Cayley tables' of some special permutation groups but, much more significantly for the introduction of the abstract group concept, he realised that matrices were groups .

27. Permutation Of A Set Let S be a set.
A permutation of the set S is a 1-1 mapping of S onto itself.

28. Symmetry Of Geometric Figures
A permutation of a set S with a finite number of elements is called a symmetry. This name comes from the relationship between these permutations and the symmetry of geometric figures.

29. Equilateral Triangle Symmetry1 2 3

30. Rotation 1(1) 1 1 2 3 2 3

31. Rotation 2(2) 1 3 2 2 3 1

32. Rotation 3(3) 1 2 3 1 3 2

33. Reflection 1(r1) 1 1 2 3 3 2

34. Reflection 2(r2) 1 3 2 3 2 1

35. Reflection 3(r3) 1 2 3 2 3 1

36. Composition Operation
The operation for symmetry a  b is the composition of symmetry a followed by symmetry b.
Example:
What is the resulting symmetry from this product?

37. Exploration
Complete the Cayley Table for the symmetries of an equilateral triangle.
To visualize the symmetries form a triangle from a piece of paper and number the vertices 1, 2, and 3. Now use this triangle to physically replicate the symmetries.

38. Cayley Table for Triangle Symmetries
   r r r3 1 2 3 r1 r2 r3

39. What is the identity symmetry?
Is  closed?
Is  commutative?

40. Exploration Extension
Q1: Find the symmetries of a square.
How many elements are in this set?
Q2: Make a Cayley Table for the square symmetries. What operation properties are satisfied?

42. Exploration Extension
Q3: How many elements would the set of symmetries on a regular pentagon have? A regular hexagon?
Q4: Try this with a rectangle. How many elements are in the set of symmetries for a rectangle?

44. Groups
A nonempty set G on which there is defined a binary operation ° with
Closure: a,b  G, then a ° b  G
Identity:  e  G such that
a ° e = e ° a = a for  a  G
Inverse: If a  G,  x  G such that a ° x = x ° a = e
Associative: If a, b, c  G, then
a ° (b ° c) = (a ° b) ° c

45. Dihedral Groups
One of the simplest families of groups are the dihedral groups.
These are the groups that involve both rotating a polygon with distinct corners (and thus, they have the cyclic group of addition modulo n, where n is the number of corners, as a subgroup) and flipping it over.

46. Is the dihedral group commutative?
Non-Abelian Group
(non-commutative)
Is the dihedral group commutative?
Since flipping the polygon over makes its previous rotations have the effect of a subsequent rotation in the opposite direction, this group is not commutative.
Is the dihedral group the same as the permutation group?

47. Here is a colorful table for the dihedral group of order 5

48. Modern Art Cayley Table and Modular Arithmetic Art
Website:

49. Modular Arithmetic
Cayley Table for Mod 4 +

52. http://www-groups. dcs. st-and. ac. uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley
Thank You..!!