1. Chapter 4 4.1 : Digital Modulation 4.2 : Digital Transmission
4.3 : Multiple Access Methods

2. 4.1 Digital Modulation Outlines Introduction
Information capacity, Bits, Bit Rate, Baud,
M-ary Encoding
Digital Modulation Techniques
- ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM

3. Introduction to Digital Modulation
Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two or more points in a communications system.
Can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless communication system - digital radio.
Offer several outstanding advantages over traditional analog system.
Ease of processing
Ease of multiplexing
Noise immunity

4. Cont’d... Applications: Low speed voice band data comm. modems
High speed data transmission systems
Digital microwave & satellite comm. systems
PCS (personal communication systems) telephone

5. Why digital modulation?
The modulation of digital signals with analogue carriers allows an improvement in signal to noise ratio as compared to analogue modulating schemes.

6. Important Criteria High spectral efficiency 2. High power efficiency
3. Robust to multipath
4. Low cost and ease of implementation
5. Low carrier-to-co channel interference ratio
6. Low out-of-band radiation

7. Cont’d… 7. Constant or near constant envelop 8. Bandwidth Efficiency
Ability to accommodate data within a limited bandwidth
Tradeoff between data rate and pulse width
9. Power Efficiency
To preserve the fidelity of the digital message at low power levels.
Can increase noise immunity by increasing signal power

8. Forms of Digital Modulation
If the amplitude, V of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
If the frequency, f of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

9. Cont’d…
If the phase, θ of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
If both the amplitude and the phase, θ of the carrier are varied proportional to the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

10. Cont’d...

11. Example 1
For the digital message , sketch the waveform for the following:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
d. QAM

12. Simplified block diagram of a digital modulation system

13. Cont’d…
Precoder performs level conversion & encodes incoming data into group of bits that modulate an analog carrier.
Modulated carrier filtered, amplified & transmitted through transmission medium to Rx.
In Rx, the incoming signals filtered, amplified & applied to the demodulator and decoder circuits which extracts the original source information from modulated carrier.

14. Information capacity, Bits & Bit Rate
Bit Rate, Baud, M-ary Encoding
Information capacity, Bits & Bit Rate
Information capacity is a measure of how much information can be propagated through a communication system and is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a system in a given unit of time.
Basic digital symbol is the binary digit or bit.
Express the information capacity as a bit rate.

15. Hartley’s Law
Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
t = transmission time (s)
From the equation, Information capacity is a linear function of bandwidth and transmission time and directly proportional to both.

16. Shannon’s Formula
Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
= signal to noise power ratio (unitless)
The higher S/N the better the performance and the higher the information capacity

17. Example 2
By using the Shannon’s Formula, calculate the information capacity if S/N = 30 dB and B = 2.7 kHz.

18. fs is equal or greater than 2fm fs >= 2fm
Nyquist Sampling Rate
fs is equal or greater than 2fm
fs >= 2fm
fs = minimum Nyquist sample rate (Hz)
fm = maximum analog input frequency (Hz)

19. Example 3
Determine the Nyquist sample rate for a maximum analog input frequency 7.5 kHz.

20. M-ary Encoding
It is often advantageous to encode at a level higher than binary where there are more then two conditions possible.
The number of bits necessary to produce a given number of conditions is expressed mathematically as
Where N = number of bits necessary
M = number of conditions, level or combinations possible with N bits.

21. Cont’d…
Each symbol represents n bits, and has M signal states, where M = 2N.
Find the number of voltage levels which can represent an analog signal with
a. 8 bits per sample
b. 12 bits per sample

22. Baud & Minimum BW
Baud refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium after encoding and modulation have occurred.
Where
baud = symbol rate (symbol per second)
ts = time of one signaling symbol (seconds)

23. Cont’d… Minimum Bandwidth
Using multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity
Where fb= channel capacity (bps)
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels

24. Cont’d… For B necessary to pass M-ary digitally modulated carriers
Where N is the number of bits encoded into each signaling element.

25. Digital Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

26. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
A binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
Sometimes called Digital Amplitude Modulation (DAM)
Where vask (t) = amplitude shift keying wave
vm(t) = digital information signal (volt)
A/2 = unmodulated carrier amplitude (volt)
ωc = analog carrier radian frequency (rad/s)

27. Digital Amplitude Modulation
Cont’d...
Digital Amplitude Modulation

28. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Called as Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
The phase shift in carrier frequency (∆f) is proportional to the amplitude of the binary input signal (vm(t)) and the direction of the shift is determined by the polarity
Where vfsk(t) = binary FSK waveform
Vc = peak anlog carrier amplitude (volt)
fc = analog carrier center frequency (Hz)
∆f = peak shift in analog carrier frequency (Hz)
vm(t) = binary input signal (volt)

31. Cont’d...
Binary Input
Frequency Output
Space (fs) 1
Mark (fm)

32. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Another form of angle-modulated, constant amplitude digital modulation.
Binary digital signal input & limited number of output phases possible.
M-ary digital modulation scheme with the number of output phases defined by M.
The simplest PSK is Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
N= 1, M=2
Two phases possible for carrier with one phase for logic 1 and another phase for logic 0
The output carrier shifts between two angles separated by 180°

33. Cont’d...
a) Truth Table b) Phasor Diagram c) Constellation Diagram

34. Cont’d...
BPSK Transmitter

35. Cont’d...
BPSK Receiver

36. CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
Definition : A graphical representation of the complex
envelope of each possible symbol state.
The x-axis represents the in-phase component
and the y-axis the quadrature component of the
complex envelope
The distance between signals on a constellation
diagram relates to how different the modulation
waveforms are and how easily a receiver can
differentiate between them.

37. Cont’d...

38. Cont’d...

39. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Combine amplitude and phase-shift keying.
Method of voice band data transmission.
QAM = 4-PSK

40. Cont’d...

41. Cont’d...

42. Cont’d...
Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
Often referred to as linear as they require linear amplification.
More bandwidth-efficient, but more susceptible to noise.
For M = 4, 16QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise.
High level M-ary schemes (such as 64-QAM) are very bandwidth-efficient but more susceptible to noise and require linear amplification

43. Bandwidth Efficiency
Used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique to another.
Bη = Transmission bit rate (bps)
Minimum bandwidth (Hz)

44. Example 5
For 16-PSK system, operating with an information bit rate of 32 kbps, determine:
a. Baud
b. Minimum bandwidth
c. Bandwidth efficiency

45. Solution:
16PSK= log2(M)
a) baud= 32000/4=8000
b) minimum bandwidth = 32000/4 =8000
c)Bandwidth efficiency =transmission bit rate/minimum bandwidth= 32000/8000=4 bits per cycle

46. CONCLUSION
To decide which modulation method should be used , we need to make considerations of
a) Bandwidth
b) Speed of Modulation
c) Complexity of Hardware

47. End of Part 1