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Incineration & landfilling

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Presentation on theme: "Incineration & landfilling"— Presentation transcript:

1 Incineration & landfilling
Håkan Jönsson Professor Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

2 Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration Renewable fuel: 80-90% of Swedish household waste is renewable (incineration tax assumed 87.4%) Heating value: 2,5-3,2-4 kWh/kg, 9-11,5-14 MJ/kg Heterogeneous ”dirty” fuel Extensive flue gas cleaning necessary Large plants Storage needed but difficult Even production over the year Difficult when biowaste is included Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

3 Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration 2008 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste Sizes; > /yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), /yr 4 plants and < /yr 18 plants Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use) Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%. Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste) Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction Update Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

4 Department of Energy and Technology
Air emissions Substance 1985 1996 2002 2005 2008 Reduction 85-08 Particles,ton 420 33 35 39 30 93% HCl, ton 8400 412 143 98 100% SOx, ton 3400 1121 790 310 154 95% NOx, ton 1463 1815 1904 2190 35% Hg, kg 3300 77 21 44 99% Cd, kg 400 8 15 (Cd+Tl) 21 (Cd+Tl) 6 (Cd+Tl) >98% Pb, kg 25 000 214 138 136 Dioxins, g 90 2 1.1 0,8 De totala utsläppen av kvicksilver var 37 , vilket motsvarade 0,0041 g per person. Detta kan jämföras med att 0,01 g kvicksilver per person årligen används till amalgam. Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

5 GRAABS plant, Gothenburg
Look for new one Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

6 Waste incinerator - Uganda
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

7 An advanced incineration system
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

8 Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas - pollutants Particles Filter – electrostatic and/or textile filters NOx Fee 50 SEK/kg NOx (Total 688 milj SEK) Ammonia injection: 4 NH3 + 6 NO -> 5 N2 + 6 H2O; 4 NH3 + 4 NO +O2 -> 4 N2 + 6 H2O In furnace SNCR (Selctive Non-Cathalytic Reduction – °C, 40-60% reduction) After furnace SCR (Selective Cathalytic Reduction – °C, 70-90% reduction) HCl Alkaline treatment (lime) SOx Heavy metals Removed with particles and acids Dioxin Attaches to active C, removed with particles at low temperature Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

9 Flue gas cleaning - filters
Cyclone Electro filter Textile filter (slangfilter) Scrubber Ill: Niro A/S Figure of cyclone Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

10 Department of Energy and Technology
Important parameters Temperature Retention time Oxygen Turbulence Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

11 Sources of dioxin in Sweden
Fig: Persson, 2005 Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

12 Department of Energy and Technology
Incineration plants Grate furnaces (Rosterpannor) Most common accepts large “particles” sensitive for varying energy content hard to control – much fuel in system grates need water cooling if waste is dry Fluidised bed roaster (Fluidbäddpanna) Easier to control and adjust to fuel Shreading necessary - (max 10 cm) Fluidised bed roaster Get a picture of a fluidized be roaster Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Ill: Berman & Dille, Westinghouse

13 A modern incineration plant
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

14 Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas cleaning Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

15 Incineration hazardous waste
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

16 Department of Energy and Technology
Landfill Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

17 The different stages of a landfill
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

18 Department of Energy and Technology
Water flows Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

19 Land fill and water flows
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

20 Department of Energy and Technology
Requirements on liner Tid Flöde 200 år <5 l/m2, år 50 år <50 l/m2, år 1 år Fig: Persson, 2005 Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

21 Hydrological considerations
Fig: Persson, 2005 Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

22 Collection of landfill gas
2003: 414 GWh to district heating, 26 WGWh electricity and 60 GWh not used. Fig: Persson, 2005 Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

23 A well managed sanitary landfill
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

24 Department of Energy and Technology
Top and bottom liner Fig: Persson, 2005 Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology

25 Liners - hazardous waste
Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

26 Landfill –biowaste banned
EU Directive fully implemented 2008 Containment of waste Biowaste goes anaerobic Org C -> CH4 & CO2 Greenhouse gas, 50% collected (optimistic figure), 10% oxidised Risk of fire Sinking – top liner damaged – more leachate Nutrients and heavy metals leaches Aim: totally sealed Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology


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