1. Organism Classification
Hyphae
Aspergillus species, pseudallescheria boydii Dermatophytes (Trichophyton species, Microsporum species), Phialophora species, Fusarium species.
Dimorphic Fungi
Blastomyces, coccidioides, Histoplasma, Sporothrix.
Grow as a mold in nature (27c) but quickly convert to parasitic yeast form after infecting the host (37c).
Yeast
Candida spesies, Cryptococcus neoformans

4. Clinical classification of mycoses
Classification Site Infected Example
Superficial Stratum corneum Tinea versicolor
& hair
Cutaneous epidermis & nails Dermatophytosis
Subcutaneous Dermis & Sporothrichosis
subcutaneous tissue
Systemic Disease of 1 Candidiasis
internal organs Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis..

5. Antifungics Drugs Classification:
Naftifine
Caspofungin

6. Antifungal Agents
1- inhibitors of the fungal cell mb ( polyenes, azoles, allylamines)
2- inhibitors of DNA (flucytosine)
3- inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis (caspofungin)

7. Adapted from Ghannoum MA and RiceLB Clin Micro Rev. 1999;12:501-517.

8. Mechanism of action of azoles
Azoles antifungals exert their effects primarily by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, preventing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol.
This in turn leads to depletion of ergosterol (a regulator of fungal cell membrane fluidity and asymmetry) and accumulation of sterol precursors.
As a result of ergosterol depletion, the integrity and function of the fungal cell membrane is disrupted, eventually leading to cell lysis

9. Mechanism of action of Amphotericin
Amp B acts principally by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell menbrane, effectively creating pores in the cell mb, leading to depolarisation of the mb and cell leakage.
Amp B binds>>> to ergosterol than to cholesterol
Toxic effects

10. Mechanism of action of 5-Flucytosine
= fluorinated cytosine analogue
Acts by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
It is actively transported into cells, where it is metabolically transformed by deamination to toxic metabolite 5-Fu. 5Fu convert to 5-fluoridine triP=> antimetabolite => disrupts Prot synthesis.
monoP => -- thymidylate synthase=>disrupts DNA synthesis.
Resistance in monotherapie+++
Diffuse LCR 60-80%

11. Mechanism of action of allylamines
Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis by interfering with squalene epoxidase (critical enzymes in the biosynthesis of ergosterol).
faulty cell mb with altered permeability

12. Mechanism of action of Griseofulvin
Inhibits growth by inhibiting fungal cell mitosis caused by polymerization of cell microtubules
It has activity only against dermatophyte fungi

13. Mechanism of action of caspofungin
Interfering with 1,3 ß glucan, preventing synthesis of essential cell wall polysaccharides
protect the cell from osmotic and structural stresses
Cilofungin 1= but was dropped bcs of the toxicity of Hydrophobic vehicle.

14. 1- Clotrimazole 1= imidazoles
1- Clotrimazole 1= imidazoles inadequate for the ttt of systemic infection, bcs it induce its own metabolism rapidly (oral, or IV)
It use now largely as topical therapy (vulvovaginal candidiasis). [Canestan]
2- Miconazole poorly soluble in water, therefore administer in castor oil vehicle for IV admi.
This vehicle is responsible for many adverse effects: Phlebitis, pruritis, N, V, anemia, thrombocytosis and hyperlipidemia (high dose), cardiorespiratory arrest (rapid infusion).
Ttt of inf. Caused by pseudallescheria boydii
Topical use (vulvovaginal candediasis, and superficial skin inf).

15. 3- Ketoconazole is poorly soluble in aqueous fluids (acidic PH<3).
Absorption is impaired in pt w elevated gastric PH
SE: GI discomfort >50%
inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis
(gynecomastia, libido, azoospermia, secondary to testosterone synthesis following high daily dosage >600mgd or during prolonged admi of lower dosages.

16. 4- Itraconazole (vehicle= cyclodextrin) have greater specifity against fungal versus mammalian cyt P450.
same SE of Ketoconazole.
vehicle is not absorbed following oral adm,
Use of IV formulation is limited to 2w, bcs of potential nephrotoxicity secondary to accumulation of vehicle.

17. 5- Fluconazole is markedly differentpharmacologic featurs:
small molecular weight
low protein binding
water solubility
Well tolerated, does not inhibit testicular or adrenal steroidogenesis, reversible alopecia occurs after several months of ttt with high doses.
Complete absorption of drug

18. 6- Voriconazole, Ravuconazole, Posaconazole
New Triazoles have activity against aspergillose and Fluconazole- resistant strains of candida Krusei, albicans, glabrata.
Posaconazole is the only drugs that acts against zygomycetes.
It has a long side chains that appear to stabilize binding to mutated cyp51a1.

19. 7- Amp B: dose and duration should be individulized.
Pt stable, no evidence of deep-seated inf =>0.3mg/Kg/d at least 14d
Pt unstable, have deep..( organ involvement)
=> mg/Kg/d for at least 14d
Pt developp septic shock =>1mg/Kg/d
Max doses 2-4g
Lean body mass
Initial T1/2=24-48h; terminal T1/2= 15days => practice of every other day, (0.5mg/kg/d or 1mg/kg qod)
Based on the potential for reduce nephrotoxicity
Premeditations: acetaminophen, and heparin

20. Faster infusion rates (< 4-6h) r associated w :
*Earlier onset of infusion-related reaction ( fever, chills, headache, vomiting..)
*Cardiac arrythmias (high serum [Amp] can precipitate severe cardiac adverse events most often in pt who r anuric or have previous cardiac disease, therefore we should do ECG.)
The dose- related side effects is renal damage, that manifests by:
-azotemia
-HypoK+
-HypoMgnesimia

21. Amp B related renal toxicity is reversible within 2w after therapy has been discontinued.
Adm of NS 250ml bfr AmpB can reduce nephrotoxicity
Should not mix w NS bcs Na causes Ampb to precipitate into Iv admixture.
Anemia is associated w decrease renal production of erythropoietine; it is resolve after discontinuation of AmpB; it need not to be treated.
No need dose adjustment w chronic reanl or hepatic failure (5-10% is eliminated in urine and bile, it is cleared by reticuloendothelial system).

22. 8- Cancidas is metabolised and excreted 35% in feces, and 41% in urine.
No adjustment is necessary for pt w renal insufficiency.
Monitor liver fct test( surtout if used w cyclosporin where it increased by 2-3 fold)
May cause histamine release (rash, facial swelling)
Slow infusion 1h

23. Lipid form of Amp B: is indicated for treatment of invasive fungal infections in pt who r refractory to or intolerant of conventional amp B.
They r less toxic, more potent.
Abelcet, Ambisome

24. Antifungal CNS penetration
IV amp B have a limited penetration into CSF bcs of high bound to lipid([ ampB] 2-4% of the serum conc)
Intraventricular or intrathecal adm ( mg diluted w 5ml glucose5%
Flucytosine might be alternative to ampB (74% of serum conc)
Fluconazole (60% of serum conc) at dose 400mg/d
Relapse is high when fluc. is stopped
Keto?

25. In pregnancy Azoles are teratogenic (factor c)
Griseofulvin and flucytosin are teratogenic (factorc)
Amp B ( factor b) has been the mainly drug used in pregnancy for the treatment of systemic mycoses.
Terbinafine (factor b), ( ther have been no reports of the use of terbinafine in pregnancy.