1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OF GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANIES

2. CONTENTS Basic Accounting Concepts
Regulatory Framework governing Financial statements of Insurance companies
Financial Statements
Ratio Analysis

3. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS

4. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Going Concern
Dual Aspect
Time period
Realization
Matching
Consistency
Materiality

5. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Going Concern
Going concern refers to a company's ability to continue functioning as a business entity for an indefinite period. It is the responsibility of the directors to assess whether the going concern assumption is appropriate when preparing the financial statements.
This concept implies that financial statements do not represent a company’s worth if its assets were to be liquidated, but rather that the assets will be used in future operations.  This concept also allows companies to spread (amortize) the cost of an asset over its expected useful life.

6. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Dual Aspect
This dual aspect concept is also called Double Entry Methodology. The key point is that all transactions have two dimensions. This follows from the basic accounting equation which is:
ASSETS= LIABILITIES + OWNERS’ EQUITY
Time period
This concept defines a specific interval of time for which an entity’s reports are prepared.  This can be a fiscal year (July 1 – June 30), calendar year (January 1 – December 31), or any other meaningful period such as a quarter or a month.

7. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Realization
Revenues are recognized when they are earned or realized.  This concept is related to prudence concept in which revenue is only recorded when it actually occurs and not at the point in time when a contract is awarded.  
Matching
To avoid overstatement of income in any one period, the matching principle requires that  revenues and related expenses be recorded in the same accounting period.  For example, if the company bills Rs. 20,000 of services in a month, in order to accurately represent the income for the month, it must report the expenses incurred in generating that income in the same month. 

8. BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Consistency
This principle states that when a business has once fixed a method for the accounting treatment of an item, it will enter all similar items that follow in exactly the same way.
Materiality
Materiality relates to the importance/significance of an amount, transaction, or discrepancy. Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decision of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the size of the item or error judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or misstatement. Thus materiality provides a threshold or cut-off point rather than being a primary qualitative characteristic which information must have if it is to be useful.

9. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

10. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Insurance Ordinance, 2000 Insurance Rules, 2002
Companies Ordinance, 1984
Directives of Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan
International Accounting Standards

11. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

12. PURPOSE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
There are two main purposes of financial statements:
To report on the financial position of an entity (e.g. a business, an organization) on a certain date; and
To show how the entity has performed financially over a particular period of time (an "accounting period").

13. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

14. BALANCE SHEET
ASSETS
LIABILITIES & EQUITY

15. BALANCE SHEET
A balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of the financial balances of a company. Assets, liabilities and owners’ equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition".
Interpretation of Balance Sheet
Do we have enough working capital to avoid cash flow problems
Our assets are enough to meet our liability
Show the wealth of the share holders
Net worth of the Company

16. BALANCE SHEET

17. PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
Profit and loss account (P&L), indicates how the revenue is transformed into the Net profit. It displays the revenues recognized for a specific period, and the cost and expenses charged against these revenues, including write-offs (e.g., depreciation and amortization of various assets) and taxes. The purpose of the Profit & Loss Account is to show managers and investors whether the company made a profit or loss during the period being reported.

18. PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNTS

19. STATEMENTS OF PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
Statement of Premium
Statement of Claims
Statement of Expenses
Statement of Investment

20. STATEMENT OF PREMIUM Premium written Unearned premium Premium earned
Premium ceded
Prepaid reinsurance premium ceded
Reinsurance expense
Net premium

21. STATEMENT OF PREMIUM

22. STATEMENT OF PREMIUM
Gross Premium Earned = Gross Written Premium + Opening unearned premium – closing unearned premium
Unearned premium represents the portion of premium written relating to the unexpired period of coverage and is deferred to the subsequent accounting period. It is recognized as a liability by the company. This liability is generally calculated by applying the 1/24 method.

23. REVENUE RECOGNITION OF PREMIUM 1/24 METHOD
Suppose a company earns gross premium of Rs. 20,000 in a year then it will calculate unearned premium at a end as follows:

24. STATEMENT OF CLAIMS Claims paid Outstanding claims Claims expenses
Reinsurance and other recoveries received
Reinsurance and other receivables
Reinsurance and other recoveries revenue
Net claims

25. STATEMENT OF CLAIMS

26. STATEMENT OF CLAIMS Claims incurred
Claims incurred for any period consists of:
The actual amount of losses settled during the period concerned
Add: Related handling expenses
Add: Adjustment to estimate made for losses reported in earlier periods
Add: Adjustment for provision for those losses that have occurred but not reported (IBNR) as at the end of the period.
Less: Proceeds from recoveries from Salvage /subrogation rights recoveries
Values received from assets salvaged after insurer has settled a claim on total loss basis or the exercise of subrogation rights, should be used to reduce the amount of claims incurred.

27. STATEMENT OF CLAIMS Reinsurance Recoveries
Insurers are entitled to recoveries based on their reinsurance contracts which should be reflected in the accounts.
In addition to direct recoveries, others based on the following provisions should be also accrued:
Outstanding claims
Claims incurred but not reported
Reinsurance claims recoveries could be shown in the financials as deduction from gross claims incurred.

28. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES Commission Expense Other management expenses
Underwriting Expenses
Commission from reinsurer
Total

29. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES

30. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES The underwriting expenses include:
business acquisition cost, such as commissions,
salaries of staff, stationery cost, office space, etc.
The costs that are directly and wholly linked to underwriting activities are straightforward and do not pose any difficulty. But where relevant costs cannot be directly linked, the expenses are apportioned on Gross Premium basis or Net Premium basis. 
Only Commission cost should be deferred.
The costs deferred should be that proportion of the total commission costs which the unearned premiums provision bears to gross written premiums for relevant class of business.
Deferred Commission costs should be shown in the balance sheet under assets.

31. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES COMMISSION INCOME
Insurers earn commission on business they pass on to reinsurance companies. This should be added in determination of the underwriting result for the company.
Just as a portion of the commission cost should be deferred as an asset, relevant portion of the commission income should be deferred as unearned commission income.
This should appear in the balance sheet as liability and the commission income earned should be the figure after adjustments for opening and closing unearned commission income.

32. STATEMENT OF INVESTMENT INCOME

33. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
A cash flow statement is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash & cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing, and financing activities.
Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and cash out of the business. The statement captures both the current operating results and the accompanying changes in the balance sheet.

34. CASH FLOW STATEMENT

35. CASH FLOW STATEMENT

36. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Notes to the Financial Statements are additional notes and information added to the end of the financial statements to supplement the reader with more information. Notes to Financial Statements help explain the computation of specific items in the financial statements as well as provide a more comprehensive assessment of a company's financial condition. Notes to Financial Statements can include information on the method of accounting used to prepare the financial statements, debt, going concern, accounts, contingent liabilities, or information explaining the financial numbers (e.g. to indicate a lawsuit). The information contained within the notes not only supplement financial statement information, but they clarify line-items that are part of the financial statements.

37. FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS

38. FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
WHAT ARE RATIOS
Ratios are ways to compare figures
Ratios help in comparing previous results or competitors
Identify change in performance

39. BALANCE SHEET RATIOS BREAK UP VALUE OF SHARE
The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or capital of the company and according to the accounting equation, net worth must equal assets minus liabilities.
Break up Value of Share = Shares Holder’s Equity
Number of Shares
Share Holders’ Equity = Rs. 8,444
Number of Shares = 102
Break up Value of Share = 8,444
102
= Rs per Share

40. PROFITABILTY RATIOS RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE)
Return on Equity measures the rate of return on the shareholders’ equity. It measures a company’s efficiency at generating profits from every unit of shareholders' equity (also known as net assets or assets minus liabilities). ROE shows how well a company uses shareholders’ funds to generate earnings growth.
Return on Equity Ratio (ROE) = Net Profit .
Total Equity
Net Profit = Rs. 1,099
Total Equity = Rs. 8,444
Return on Equity Ratio (ROE) = 1,099 x 100
8,444
= 13 %

41. PROFITABILTY RATIOS EARNING PER SHARE (EPS)
The portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Earnings per share serves as an indicator of a company's profitability.
Earning per Share = Net Profit _____X 100.
No. of Shares
Net Profit = Rs. 1,099
No. of Shares = 102
Earning per Share = 1,099 X 100
102
= Rs per share

42. PROFITABILTY RATIOS PRICE EARNING RATIO
A valuation ratio of a company's current share price compared to its per-share earnings.
Price Earning Ratio = Market Value per Share .
Earning per Share
Market Value per share = Rs. 125
Earning per Share = Rs
Price Earning Ratio =
10.77 =

43. PROFITABILTY RATIOS COMBINED RATIO
A measure of profitability used by an insurance company to indicate how well it is performing in its daily operations. A ratio below 100% indicates that the company is making underwriting profit while a ratio above 100% means that it is paying out more money in claims than it is receiving from premiums.
The combined ratio is comprised of the claims ratio and the expense ratio. The Claims Ratio is net claims as a percentage of net premiums. The Expense Ratio is operating costs (underwriting expenses and net commission) as a percentage of net premiums. The combined ratio is calculated by taking the sum of losses and expenses and then dividing them by net premium.

44. PROFITABILTY RATIOS COMBINED RATIO (Contd.) Combined Ratio=
Net Claims + Underwriting Exp. + Net Commission X 100
Net Premium
Net Premium = Rs. 7,488
Net Claims = Rs. 5,173
U/W Expenses = Rs. 1,206
Net Commission = Rs. 741
Combined Ratio = 5, , X 100
7,488
= 95%

45. PROFITABILTY RATIOS UNDERWRITING PROFIT RATIO
This is reverse of combined ratio. It can be calculated by either of the following formulas:
Underwriting Profit Ratio = 1 – Combined Ratio
= = or 5% OR
= Underwriting Profit
Net Premium =
7,488
= 5%

46. Underwriting result – General & Admin Exp + other income x 100
PROFITABILTY RATIOS
OPERATIONAL PROFIT %
Operating Profit % =
Underwriting result – General & Admin Exp + other income x 100
Net Premium
Underwriting result = Rs. 367
General & Admin = Rs. 512
Other income = Rs 184
Operating Profit (in %) = X 100
7,488
= 0.45%

47. Net Profit % = Net Profit after tax x 100
PROFITABILTY RATIOS
NET PROFIT %
Net Profit % = Net Profit after tax x 100
Net Premium
Net Profit = Rs. 1,099
Net Premium = Rs. 7,488
Net Profit % = 1, X 100
7,488
= 14.67%

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