1. Banu Bostan, Figen Kahraman Hauptstudium, LN
The development and characteristics of Turkish in comparison to English
Banu Bostan, Figen Kahraman
Hauptstudium, LN

2. Overview General overview of Turkish Historical background Borrowings
Vowels
Consonants
Word classes
Word formation process
Case
Tense
Kinship and colour terms

3. General overview of Turkish
Main geographic locations of Turkish languages
Turkey (Turkish)
Azerbaidjan (Azerbaidjani)
The formerly Soviet Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia (Uzbek, Kazakh, Turkmenian, Kirghiz)
On the Volga (Tatar)
In northwestern China (Uighur)

4. The Altaic language families:
the Turkic languages, Mongolic languages, Tungusic languages, Korean and the Japonic languages.
The Turkic languages include Chuvash, Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Urum, Qashqai, Khorasani, Salar, Gagauz, Khalaj, Tatar, Bashkir, Baraba, Urum, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Karaim, Krymchak, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Nogay, Uzbek, Uyghur, Lop, Kyrgyz, Altay,Yakut,Tuvan, Khakas, Shor, Fuyü Gïrgïs, Chulym, Tofa, Dolgan, Western Yugur, and Northern Altay

5. Common features Ural - Altaic languages: principle of vowel harmony
are agglutinative
SOV word order
no grammatical gender

6. Regions Turkish is spoken in: Turkey, Caucasus, Cyprus, Balkans

8. Historical background
10th century: the Turks had begun to convert to Islam and to adopt the Arabo – Persian alphabet
11th century: under the leadership of the Seljuk dynasty they overran Persia, Persian became the language of administration and literary culture (Persian borrowed many words from Arabic)
This hybrid language became the official language of the Ottoman dynasty
Until 1922 the language of Turkey was known as Osmanlıca or Ottoman Turkish

9. The downfall of the Ottoman dynasty made it necessary to find a new name to distinguish this language from all other members of the same linguistic family
Formally the language is called Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkey -Turkish)

10. The language-reform movement:
With the establishment of the Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk wanted his people to turn their backs on their Asian past
In 1928 he introduced the Latin alphabet in place of the Arabo – Persian
The Turkish Language Society (Türk Dil Kurumu –TDK) made up a list of pure Turkish words (Öztürkçe)
The language reform reached the Press the schools and the general public

11. Main points 11th century Turkish speakers arrived in Turkey
Turkish history (three periods):
Old Anatolian Turkish (Eski Anadolu Türkçesi)
Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca)
Modern Turkish (Yeni Türkçe)
1928 introduction of the Latin alphabet

12. Borrowings
Words from Arabic, Persian, French, Italian, German and English
Example:
Ask for your bill (hesap) in a restoran (restoran) and the odds are that what the garson (garson) brings you will be headed adisiyon (adisiyon).

13. Arabic:
haqq- right – hak
afw - pardon – af
tamass - contact - temas
ism - name – isim
adl - justice - adil
qism - part - kısım
aql - intelligence – akıl
matn- text – metin
umr - life – ömür
fıkr - thought - fikir
French:
station - station - istasyon
statisque -statistics-istatistik
sport - sports - spor
club - club - klüp
groupe - group - grup
principe - principle - prensip

14. Italian:
scala - quay - iskele
sgombro - mackerel - uskumru
spirito - alcohol – ispirto
German:
Schlepp - cargo- boat – şilep
Groschen - kuruş
English:
screw - uskur
steam – istim or islim
train – tren
Persian:
shahr - city – şehir
zahr - poison – zehir
tukhm - seed - tohum

15. Vowels
Turkish has 8 vowels

16. The vowels
4 front vowels (e, i, ö, ü)
4 back vowels (a, ı, o, u)
4 high vowels (i, ı, u, ü)
4 low vowels (e, a, o, ö)
4 rounded vowels (o, ö, u , ü)
4 unrounded vowels (a, e, i, ı)
examples:
akıl, okul, öpücük, elli

17. Vowel harmony rules
Front vowel must be followed by a front vowel (dolap – cupboard)
First vowel is unrounded so the other once are also unrounded
First vowel is rounded, the following vowels are rounded and close or unrounded and open (erik - plum, uzak – far away)

18. Exceptions Foreign words tiyatro- theatre, edebiyat- literature
Words which changed during the time into standard Turkish
ana - anne (mother), alma – elma (apple)
Compound words
Karadeniz - Black Sea, bugün – today
Five invariable suffixes
(I)yor, -ki, - ken, - leyin, - (I)mtrak

19. Consonants

20. Consonants
b, f, m, p, s, z, y are pronounced as in English
The consonant k stands for two sounds in Turkish
A front k (key)
A back k (cool)
example:
ek affix (front k)
ak white (back k)

21. The consonant l stands for two sounds
A front l bal (honey)
A back l bel (waist)
The consonant v
At the beginning it is pronounced as in English, in the middle and at the end it is weaker than the English v, after a vowel or before a consonant it is pronounced as bilabial fricative
tavşan (rabbit), yavru (young animal)

22. The Turkish consonant g
two sounds /g/ and /ğ/ (called the soft g)
/ğ/ is not found at the beginning of a word
/g/ does not occur after or between vowels, except words of European origin ( sigara - cigarette, sigorta - insurance)
If /ğ/ is between back vowels it is not pronounced ( ağaç- tree, ağır - heavy)
After a back vowel, before a consonant or at the end of a word ğ is dropped and the preceding vowel is lengthened ( dağ – mountain, doğru - right)

23. In some dialects ğ is pronounced as [y]
( diğer - other, değirmen - mill )
Consonant assimilation in suffixes:
When a suffix beginning with c, d or g is added to a word ending in one of the unvoiced consonants ç,f,h,k,p,s,ş,t the initial consonant of the suffix is unvoiced to ç, t or k
example: kitap + cı = kitapçı, elektrikçi

24. Syllable final plosives and affricatives are devoiced
example:
şarap (wine)
şarap + -I (Acc.) = şarab-ı
kitap – kitab- ı

25. Word classes Nouns Turkish nouns can take endings indicating
the person of a possessor
case-endings
Plural endings
Example:
ev -house
evler - the houses
evin - your house
evimde - at my house

26. Verbs
Turkish verbs indicate person
can be made negative or im/-potential
can be progressive, future, present, past, conditional, imperative
example:
gel- (to)come
gelme- not (to) come
geleme- not (to) be able to come
gelebil- (to) be able to come

27. Adjectives
Most adjectives can be used as nouns and adverbs
example:
ihtiyar - old (adj.) -the old one (noun)
bir ihtiyar – an old one, an old person
ihtiyarlar – old ones, old people
Hasan yavaş yürüdü (adverb)
Hasan walked slowly

28. Pronouns Personal pronouns ben ( I ) sen ( you ) o ( he, she, it )
biz ( we )
siz ( you )
onlar ( they )
Possessive pronoun
ben-im ( my )
sen-in ( your )
on- un ( his, her, its )
biz-im ( our )
siz-in ( your )
on-lar-ın ( their )

29. Word formation process
Nouns:
göz eye
gözlük eyeglasses
gözlükçü someone who sells eyeglasses
gözlükçülük the business of selling eyeglasses
Verbs:
yat lie down
yatır- lay down [that is, cause to lie down]
yatırım instance of laying down: deposit, investment
yatırımcı depositor, investor

30. Case
Türkiye'de modayı gazete sayfalarına taşıyan,gazetemiz yazarlarından N. S. yaşamını yitirdi. “ One of the writers of our newspaper, N. S., who brought fashion to newspaper pages in Turkey, lost her life."
Türkiye'de "in Turkey“ (locative) modayı "fashion" (accusative of moda) gazete "newspaper" (nominative) sayfalarına "to its pages" (dative; sayfa "page", sayfalar "pages", sayfaları "its pages")taşıyan, "carrying" (present participle of taşı-)gazetemiz "our newspaper" (nominative) gazete "newspaper"yazarlarından "from its writers" (ablative; yazar "writer") N. S. [person's name] (nominative) yaşamını "her/his life" (accusative; yaşam "life") yitirdi. "lost" (past tense of yitir- "lose“ from yit- "be lost")

31. The Turkish language has got 6 cases:
Nominative/absolute -Ø (Ahmet)
Accusative/objective - (y)I (gazete-yi, the newspaper)
Dative - (y)A (konser-e, to the concert)
Locative - DA (büro-da, in the office)
Ablative - DAn (iş-ten, from work)
Genitive - nIn (Ali`-nin, Ali`s)

32. Tense
Most tense markers in Turkish have aspectual functions or function as mood markers
Present
The so- called broad tense ( -(I)r biçimbirim, geniş zaman) the general present tense, expresses habitual actions and general events
example:
Hasan her sabah kahvaltı ed –er
Hasan has breakfat every morning
Bil know, bil –ir she knows

33. Present (Progressive)
-(I)-yor
example:
Hasan tenis oy-n -uyor (Pr. Prog.)
Hasan is playing tenis
Hasan tenis oy-n –uyor (habitual action)
Hasan plays tenis

34. Past
Two simple past tenses
Definite past -DI
Reported past -mIş
example:
Hasan dün operaya git-ti (past)
Hasan went to the opera yesterday
Hasan dün operaya git-miş (rep. past)
Hasan reportedly went to the opera yesterday

35. Future
-(AcAK)
example:
Yarın sana uğra-y-acağ- ım
Tomorrow I will drop by at your place

36. Kinship and colour terms
Kinship terms by blood
anne- mother
baba -father
nine -grandmother
dede -grandfather
anneanne -maternal grandmother
babaanne- paternal grandmother
çocuk, evlat – child
kız – daughter
oğul – son
torun – grandchild
kardeş – sibling
erkek kardeş – brother
kızkardeş – sister
abla – elder sister
ağabey – elder brother
dayı – maternal uncle
amca – paternal uncle
teyze – maternal aunt
hala – paternal aunt
yeğen – niece or nephew, cousin

37. Kinship terms by marriage
bacanak -the husband of one`s wife`s sister
baldız -sister- in- law
damat - son-in-law
dünür - the father and mother -in –law of one`s child
elti - sister -in -law
enişte - brother -in -law
gelin - daughter- in- law, bride
görümce - sister- in- law, husband`s sister

38. Colour terms black siyah, kara white beyaz, ak red kırmızı, kızıl, al
yellow sarı
green yeşil
blue mavi
brown kahverengi
pink pembe
orange- turuncu, portakal rengi (the colour of the orange)
Gray-boz, gri, kurşuni, kül rengi
mor

39. References
Lewis, Geoffrey Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Kornfilt, Jaklin Turkish. London: Routledge.
Slobin, D. I., Zimmer, K. (ed.) Typological Studies in Language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Underhill, R Turkish Grammar. Cambridge/Massachusetts/London: MIT Press.

40. Thanks for attention!
Teşekkürler!