1. Francis Harmon Libo-on
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Members
James Robin Cudiamat
Francis Harmon Libo-on
Rodel Pedragosa
Neil Villaronte

2.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION

3. Anabolic Steroids
Class of steroid hormones related to the male hormone – testosterone
Increase protein synthesis within cells whiche results in growth of muscle
Also have androgenic properties which include the development and maintenance of males characteristics
Have both medical and sport performance uses

4. Anabolic Steroids
AS have been modified many times to maximize the anabolic effects and minimize the androgenic effects

5. Anabolic Steroids
All AS possess both anabolic and androgenic properties
Anabolic effect dose dependent (300mg per week required)

6. History 1934 – androstenone synthesized
1931 – male hormone androstenone isolated
1934 – androstenone synthesized
1935 – testosterone identified and synthesized
1937 – clinical trials on humans with testosterone began

7. History
WWII – German scientist synthesized other anabolic steroids and experimented on concentration camp inmates to treat chronic wasting
Also given to German soldiers hoping to increase their aggression
Adolf Hitler rumored to take anabolic steroids

8. History
1972 – study no difference in performance enhancement in participants compared to ones given placebo
Remained unchallenged for 18 years
Poor study with inconsistent controls and insignificant doses
2001 – study showed clear increas in muscle mass and decrease in fat with high doses of anabolic steroids

9. ANABOLIC STEROID EFFECTS

10. Anabolic Effects Two different but overlapping effects
Promote cell growth
Increase in protein synthesis, appetite, bone remodeling and growth and production of red blood cells
Increase the size of muscle fibers leading to increase in muscle mass and strength
Decrease the amount of fat in muscle

11. Androgenic effects
Androgenic (virilizing) – development and maintenance of male characteristics:
Increased growth of pubic, beard, chest and limb hair
Enlargement of vocal chords
Increased libido
Suppression of natural sex hormones

12. Adverse effects Elevated blood pressure
Increase in LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL
Increase risk CV disease and coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and heart attacks

13. Adverse effects
Accelerate the rate of premature baldness for male and female
Appearance of acne- stimulates the sebaceous glands
Liver damage (cancer) – increase demand on liver as oral steroids are changed

14. Adverse Effects Stiffer and less elastic tendon
Tendon rupture has been linked to AS
Stiffer and less elastic tendon
Probably tendon does not adapt as fast

15. Gender Specific effects
Gynecoastia – development of brest tissues in males
Temporary infertility (decreased production of sperm)
Testicular atrophy (caused by decrease levels in natural testosterone)

16. Adverse Effects Most side effects are dose dependent
Blood pressure elevation
Increase the risks of Cardio Vascular disease, coronary artery disease, arrythmia and any disease related to the heart.
Accelerates the rate of baldness (male and female)

17. Adverse Effects Acne-stimulates the sebaceous glands
Liver Complications-increased demand on liver functions
Tendon rupture(stiff and less elastic tendons)

18. Female Specific Effects
Increase in body hair
Male-pattern baldness
Deepened Voice
Enlarged Clitoris
Unpredictable menstrual cycle
Affects fetal development during pregnancy

19. Teenage/Adolescent users effect
Halted growth
Accelerated puberty which could cause premature skeletal maturation before growth spurt
Premature sexual development

20. Behavioral Effects Uncontrolabe mood swings Roid Rage(Aggression)
Depression(withdrawal from use)
Irritability
Paranoia
* Behavioral effects are similar to those of drug addiction

21. Biochemical Mechanisms
Anabolic Steroids affect muscle mass by: 1. Increasing the production of proteins 2. Reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of cortisol. (reduces fatigue/faster recovery)

22. Biochemical Mechanisms
Steroid Hormones interact with cells by binding to receptor proteins.
After binding,
proteins move into
cell nucleus and alter
the expression of
genes or activate
other processes in
the cell(protein
synthesis)

23. Medical Uses Bone Marrow Stimulation- Anemia
Supplement for patients with hormone deficiency(Hormone Replacement Therapy)
Puberty for delayed Adolescents
Used for recovery of muscle tissue

24. Non-medical use and abuse
Extemely difficult to determine what percentage of use in the population
Usually middle class, heterosexual men with a median age of 25
2006 study – 78% noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes (cosmetic)
13 % reported unsafe injection practices (needle sharing)

25. Non-medical use and abuse
Users often stereo-typed as uneducated or “muscle heads”
1998 study showed steroid users to be the most educated drug users out of all users of controlled substances
Research their product more than any other group

26. Administration 3 forms of Anabolic Steroids Administration:
Oral – most convenient
(dangerous – liver)
Injectable – intramuscular not intravenous (HIV and Hepatitis)
Transdermal – self adhesive skin patches

27. Methods of Administration
Athletes who take AS do so typically during the active years of the careers
They combine multiple steroid forms (oral and injectable), a practice called “stacking”
The drug dosage is progessively increased (“pyramiding”) during a 4 to 18 week cycle, including a drug-free period between drug regimens (4-6 weeks).
The drug quantity far exceeds the recommended medical dose (200X)
The athlete then progressively reduces the drug dosage in the months prior to competition (to avoid detection)

28. Methods of Administration
The cycling of steroids coincides with competition
Many athletes use the training model – “Periodization”
An athlete with a yearly training program (macrocycle) subdivides the year into phases called mesocycles (3 months)
As competition nears, training volume gradually decreases while training intensity increases
Steroid use coincides with the mesocycles, with the goal of achieving maximum strength and size at competition

29. Oral Anabolic Steroids
17 – alpha methyl testosterone (Android)
17 – alpha ethyl testosterone (Maxibolin)
1 –methyl testosterone (Primobolan)
Androstenediol (“Andro” food supplements)
Androstenedione
Dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

30. Injectable Anabolic Steroids
19-nortesterone ester derivatives (Durabolin)
Testosterone ester derivatives (Oreton)
Testosterone cypionate derivatives (Virilon)
Boldenone
Stanozolol (Winstrol) oral form as well

31. Minimization of Side Effects
Several techniques to minimize side effects both during cycles and post cycle
Increase Cardiovascular exercise to counter act effects to counter effects on left ventricle
Estrogen receptor modulators to reduce effect of aromatisation of steroid hormones (tamoxifen) reduce gynecomastia

32. Post Cycle Therapy
“PCT” – takes place after each cycle to combat the natural testosterone suppression and restore proper function of numerous glands
Typically consists of combination of the following drugs:
Clomiphene or tamoxifen (Primary PCT drug)
Anastrozole – aromatase inhibitor
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) – restore hormonal balance

33. Post Cycle Therapy
Finasteride (Propecia) - reduces the conversion of testosterone to DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)
– high rate of alopecia
The drug is useless in cases in which the steroid is not converted into a more androgenic derivative

34. Legal Status Varies from country to country
U.S. – Schedule III controlled substance (required prescription, possession without Rx. federal crime punishable to 7 years)
Canada – Schedule IV (obtaining or selling punishable for up 18 months), possession not punishable
Also illegal without Rx. In Australia, Argentina, Brazil and Portugal
Legal in Mexico and Thailand

35. U.S legislation of A.S
Interest and debate after 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul following controversy of Ben Johnson
AS added to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act in the Anabolic Control Act of 1990
Prohormones or “Designer Steroids”not included (Androstenedione)

36. Prohormones
In 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act was signed into law.
This act classified substances derived from natural sources as food supplements and made many drugs such as prohormones available over the counter.
Thus these substances are not regulated under the same rules and regulations by the FDA.(Loop Hole)
This can result in the dosages and actual quality of these substances to be in question as they are sold to the consumer
Amended in 2004(Androstenedione)

37. Status in Sports AS are being banned by all major sporting bodies: IOC
NBA
NHL
MLB
NCAA

38. Status in Sports Testing in Texas high schools to start this year(UIL)
Expensive
Jurisprudence
Normal T:ET ratio 1.3:1
1 in 1000 men ratio of 4:1
Positive test result 6:1

39. Status in Sports
For testosterone the definition of positive depends on an adverse analytical finding(pos. result) based on any reliable analytical method) e.g. IRMS,GCMS,CIS) which shows that the testosterone is of exogenous origin, or if the ratio of the total concentration of testosterone to that of eitestosterone in the urine is greater than 6:1, unless there is evidence that this ratio is due to a physiological or pathogolical condition.

40. Illegal Trade
The majority of AS are obtained illegaly through black market trade
Usually manufactured in other countries and smuggled across borders
Smuggling usually done in conjunction w/other illegal drugs
Organized crime is involved

41. Counterfeit Drugs Significant health hazard
Computer and scanning technology as made it to copy labels
Product could contain anything(Vegetable oil to toxic substances)
Users have died of injecting unknown substances in their body
Products also diluted to maximize profits

42. Production and Distribution
AS are either manufactured by legitimate pharmaceutical compaies or undergroud laboratories
In the 1990’s most U.S. producers stopped making and marketing AS
Eastern Europe still produce AS in quantity (most medical grade AS sold illegally in North America)
Many illegal AS are veterinary grade(produced and handled in cruder and less sterile fashion)

43. Production and Distribution
AS can be obtained from several sources
Sold at gyms and competitions
Illegal drug dealers
Mail order(magazines)
Internet(websites posing as oversea pharmacies)