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A Talk on Listening and Speaking Skills By Dr. K. Ratna Shiela Mani
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The Syllable Monosyllabic Words: - I, cat, dog, owl, harm, pen, cream, crisp, sheet, stream, spray, texts, tempts, jumps,blades,splash.
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Disyllabic Words: - 'pencil, 'tailor, 'market, be'hind, re'ceive, 'message, 'crisis, 'order, a'pply, 'under, mis'take, 'beauty, 'colour, 'artist, de'fend, 'butter.
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Three syllables: - ciga'rette, 'anything, 'beautiful, 'customer, 'eagerly, con'nection, di'rector, after'noon, des'tructive.
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Four syllables: 'absolutely, 'comfortable, a'bility, for'getfulness, in'tentional, accidental, circu'lation, diplo'matic, unim'portant.
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More than four syllables: a l ffili'ation, l agri'cultural, l nationali'zation, l au'thoritative, in l feri'ority, e l xami'nation, l oppor'tunity, per l sonifi'cation, i l dentifi'cation.
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Stress Shift 'advertise / 'ædvətaiz / ad'vertisement/ æd'və:tizmənt / e'xamine/ ig'zæmin / exami'nee/ igzæmi'ni: / in'ferior/ in'fiəriə / inferiority/ in l fiəri' rəti / res'ponsible/ ris'p nsəbl / responsibility/ ris l p nsə'biləti /
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Stress on first element: 'air-raid'lifeboat'tea-party 'bookshelf'pickpocket'school-bus 'cardboard'postman''hairbrush 'footprint'rain-coat'crossword Primary Stress on 2 nd element: l After-'noon l post-'graduate l bad-'tempered l Vice-'chancellor
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Functional Stress Stress change according to the function of the word Noun / Adjective Verb /'conduct / 'k ndәktcon'duct / kәn'd kt / /'contrast / 'k ntrastcon'trast / kәn'tra:st / / 'convict / 'k nvikt con'vict / kәn'vikt / / 'desert / 'dezetde'sert / di'zә:t/ / 'export / 'eksp :tex'port / iks'p :t/ / 'import / 'imp :tim'port / im'p :t / / 'object / ' bd iktob'ject / әb'd ekt/ / 'permit / 'pә:mitper'mit / pә'mit / / 'present / 'prezntpre'sent / pri'zent / exceptions a'ccount, 'limit, 'order,'promise, re'mark, 'visit
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Word Stress – Some Rules Rule 1:Words with weak prefixes always take the accent on the root. For example, A'head, a'lone, a'cross, be'cause, be'come, bet'ween, be'neath
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Rule 2:The inflexional suffices –ed, -es and –ing do not affect the accent.For example, -edrecom 'mendrecom 'mended re 'latere 'lated -escom 'posecom 'poses -ingad 'vancead 'vancing com 'mitcom 'mitting
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Rule 3:The derivational suffixes –age, -ance, -en, -er, -ess, - ful, -hood, -ice, -ish, -ive, -less, -ly, -ment, -ness, -or, - ship, -ter, -ure and –zen do not normally affect the accent. For example, -age 'carry'carriage -ance an 'noy an 'noyance ap 'pear ap 'pearance -erat 'tendat 'tender per 'formper 'former -ess'actor'actress -ful'beauty'beautiful 'colour'colourful -hood'brother'brotherhood -ice'coward'cowardice -ish'fever'feverish
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-ivea 'busea 'busive -less'colour'colourless -ly'certain'certainly -menta 'chievea 'chievement -ness'bitter'bitterness -orcol 'lectcol 'lector -ship'scholar'scholarship -ter'laugh'laughter -zen'city'citizen
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Rule 4: Words ending in –ion take the primary accent on the penultimate syllable. admi'ration, appli'cation, combi'nation, deco'ration, exami'nation, 'question.
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Rule 5: Words ending in –ic, ical, ically, -ious, -ial and –ially take the primary accent on the syllable preceding the suffix. -icme'chanic, apolo'getic, pa'thetic -icalme'chanical, bio'logical, e'lectrical -icallyme'chanically, 'chemically, eco'nomically -iouscere'monius, no'torious -ialcom'mercial, confi'dential, me'morial -ialllycom'mercially, dra'matically
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Rule 6: Words ending in –ity take the accent on the ante-penultimate syllable, or the third syllable from the end. a'bility, ca'pacity, elec'tricity, gene'rosity
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WORD STRESS - Practice 1. Functional Stress noun/adj – Verb 'conduct - Con'duct 'object- Ob'ject
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2. Words with weak prefixes: (Stress in the root Word) a'bout - a'rise 3. Words with prefixes with meening: (stress on both the prefix and the root word) l Dis'loyal - l in sin'cere
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4.Some disyllabic words (Stress on the second syllable) Mis'tress- dis'til - dis'band di'sease- dis'turb
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5. - ate nar'rate mi'grate de'bate lo'cate pul'sate vi'brate
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5. - ise 'chastise 'comprise 5. - ize 'capsize 'baptize
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5. - ct at'tract con'nect de'pict in'fect in'ject se'lect pro'tect
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6. - ate 'complicate 'separate 'educate 'cultivate ar'ticulate
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6. - ise, - ize 'colonise 'enterprise 'brutalise 'realize 'recognise mo'nopolise 'jeopardise
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6. - ify 'justify 'classify 'beautify 'certify 'gratify 'modify 'nullify 'satisfy
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7. - ion l appli'cation l civili'zation l compo'sition l conver'sation l culti'vation exami'nation l qualifi'cation intro’duction imagi'nation 'question sug'gestion con'gestion indi'gestion
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8. - ity a'bility elec'tricity possi'bility ac'tivity e'quality proba'bility curi'osity gene'rosity
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9. - ic apolo'getic e'lectric sympa'thetic patri'otic scien'tific
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9. - ical 9. - ical - ically apolo'getically -ial
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9. -ially me'morial o'ffical presi'dential in'dustrial 'special resi'dential cere'monial e'ssential super'ficial
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9. -ian vic'torian lib'rarian elec'trician mu'sician poli'tician discipli'narian
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10. -ious 'anxious in'dustrious in'jurious la'borious re'bellious
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10. -eous 'piteous 'courageous 'gorgeous 'hideous 'righteous simul'taneous 'spontaneous advan'tageous
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11. - cracy au'tocracy de'mocracy tech'nocracy plu'tocracy aris'tocracy bu'reaucracy
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11. - crat 'autocrat 'democrat 'technocrat 'plutocrat 'bureaucrat
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12. - graph 'autograph 'paragraph 'photograph 'spectrograph
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12. - graphy pho'tography spec'trography bi'ography
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12. - meter ther'mometer lac'tometer di'ameter pa'rameter
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12. - logy psy'chology bi'ology zo'ology
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13. - ain ob'tain main'tain per'tain re'frain ascer'tain ex'plain re'tain
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13. - aire millio'naire questio'nnaire
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13. - eer engi'neer volun'teer ca'reer marke'teer mountai'neer
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14. - ental experi'mental funda'mental acci'dental depart'mental pa'rental inci'dental - ential exis'tential
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15. - ese Bur'mese Chi'nese Assa'mese Japa'nese Sia'mese - esce coa'lesce conva'lesce acqui'esce
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16. - escence effer'vescence ado'lescence - escent ado'lescent effer'vescent conva'lescent
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17. - esque Pictu'resque gro'tesque bur'lesque - ique phy'sique u'nique cri'tique tech'nique
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18. - itis neu'ritis arth'ritis bron'chitis laryn'gitis
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19. - ee pa'yee addre'ssee emplo'yee absen'tee
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- ette - ette ciga'rette ga'zette silhou'ette
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- ete - ete de'lete re'plete con'crete com'plete
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- ade barri'cade cas'cade de'grade lemo'nade per'suade
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20. - compounds 'blacksmith 'blackbird 'New castle 'birthday 'darning needle 'sheep dog
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Sentence Stress Accent & Rhythm in Connected Speech In connected speech we stress those words which are important for meaning. They are called content words – nouns, demonstratives, interrogative pronouns, main verbs, adjectives & adverbs. Structural (grammatical) words are normally not stressed. They are – articles, personal and relative pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions & conjunctions.
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This 'house is for 'sale. I’ve 'finished my 'lunch. I 'want you to 'take the 'dog for a 'walk. English rhythm : In speech stressed syllables are pronounced carefully and unstressed syllables are weakened. Thus all the grammatical words will have weak forms. Eg:-and – strong from / ænd/ Weak form / Ə n / or / n /
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butter and jam bread and butter I am 'coming = I’m coming am strong form / æm / ; weak form / m A girl / Ə gƏ:l, an apple /Ən æpl / The girl, the orange.
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Stress in Connected Speech 1. They are pre'paring for their exami'nation. 2. Please per'mit me to pre'sent my 'case. 3. I’m dis'gusted with your be'haviour. 4. It’s a re'markable a'chievement. 5. He is a 'clever poli'tician 6. 'Meet the Di ' rector at 'ten in the 'morning. 7. 'London is the 'capital of 'England. 8. 'Green 'Vegetables are 'good for 'health. 9. I 'want to be'come an engi'neer. 10. We ex'port to'bacco to 'China.
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Rhythm 'Jack and 'Jill went 'up the 'hill To 'fetch a 'pail of 'water 'Jack fell 'down and 'broke his 'crown And 'Jill came 'tumbling 'after. 'Twinkle, 'twinkle 'little 'star 'How I 'wonder 'what you 'are 'Up a'bove the 'world so 'high 'Like a 'diamond 'in the 'sky.
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English Rhythm – Practice a.'Come`here 'Sit`down 'No`more 'Try`hard 'Ask`John b.'Trya`gain 'Note`nough 'Half an `inch 'Make the `tea 'Drop a `line
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c.I `think so I 'd `like to I 'd `love to I `couldn't I `went there I d.It's `possible I 've `heard of it Get `rid of her He `borrowed it I `spoke to them
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e.'Send him a `way 'Read it a `loud 'Give me a `pen 'Throw it a `way 'What have you `done f.I 'want to `know I 'thought I `could He 'had to `go He 'wants to `learn A 'glass of `wine
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g.I 'wanted to `know She 'asked me to `go It 'used to be `mine You 'promised to `write I 'm 'glad you've `come I 'wanted to `see him There 's a 'hole in your `sock He 'put it on the `floor You 're 'wanted on the `phone 'What do you 'think you're `doing?
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INTONATION Patterns of variation of the pitch of the voice constitute the Intonation of that language. It is an important feature of spoken language. Functions:Intonation indicates- a) the type of utterance said by the speaker (i.e. whether it is a question or a statement, a command or a request) b) the attitude of the speaker.
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Intonation patterns vary from language to language. Tone -2 types (Static & Kinetic) Static Tone-stressed syllable said on a level pitch. Eg:- 'Sita is 'going to 'Delhi. Kinetic Tone-stressed syllable said with a changing pitch. Eg:- 'Sita is 'going to `Delhi.
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Thus, Stress=Degree of prominence Tone=Stress + Pitch change All important words in a sentence are stressed. But one word (syllable) may be more important than others. It is the nucleus & it carries the tone. Eg:-I’ll 'ring you on `Monday. I’ve 'just 'bought a `car.
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I.The Falling Tone. The pitch of the voice starts at a high level and falls to a low level on a single stressed syllable. `Thanks. `Yes. `No. Uses:- 1. In ordinary statements. 'Glad to `meet you. She can 'sing `well. I’m 'going to `London.
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2.In wh-questions when said in a neutral way. 'What’s your `name? 'How’s your `father? 'When did you `come? 3.In commands, 'Go and `post it. 'Do it `tomorrow. 'Don’t `jump to coǹclusions. 4.In exclamations. 'How aǹnoyong! 'What 'lovely ròses ! 5.In question – tags when you expect agreement. You 'work in `London, / ‘don’t you? `yes, / I`do, You’re on `holiday, / `onen’t you? `yes, / I `am.
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The Rising Tone The pitch of the voice starts from a low level and rises to a high level on a single stressed syllable. ِ Thanks. ِ Yes. ِ No. Uses:- 1.In incomplete utterances, often the first clause of a sentence. ِ Luckily, / the snake didn’t `bite anyone. 'When I ِ went there, / it was `dark. It I ِ go there, /I’ll 'buy you a `dress.
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2.In Yes/No type questions. ' Can you ِ come? 'Are you ِ there? 'Is 'father at ِ home? 3.In wh-questions when said in a friendly way. 'What’s the ِ time? 'What’s the ِ matter? 'When are you ِ going?
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4.In polite requests or encouraging invitations. 'Do sit ِdown. 'Come ِhere. 'Could I 'borrow your ِnewspaper. 'Please 'shut the ِdoor. 5.5. In question – tags when you do not expect agreement but simply seeking information. You 'work in `London, / ‘don’t you? `No, / I ِdon’t. You’re on `holiday, / ِ aren’t you? `No, / I’m ِ not.
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Thank you
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