1. Word Roots
an- = without; -aphy = suck (anaphylactic shock: an acute, life-threatening, allergic response)
anti- = against; -gen = produce (antigen: a foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response)
macro- = large; -phage = eat (macrophage: an amoeboid cell that moves through tissue fibers, engulfing bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis)
mono- = one (monocyte: an agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage)
neutro- = neutral; -phil = loving (neutrophil: the most abundant type of leukocyte; neutrophils tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to but a few days)
perfora- = bore through (perforin: a protein that forms pores in a target cell’s membrane)
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2. Immunity: body's ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases
Go on to the Campbell Biology site, Chapter 24 activities, do them as we learn the work, and then take the activity quiz and submit it to me when we are done with the chapter.
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3. 24.1 Nonspecific defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial proteins
Read pp
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4. Pathogen just waiting to enter body to produce disease
Disease: change interfering w/normal body functioning
Symptoms: changes produce in body
Pathogens (disease-causing microorgan-isms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists) cause infectious diseases
Infection: body invaded by pathogen
Indirect contact with infected person
Airborne-coughing, sneezing
common cold, measles, mumps, influenza
Direct contact with infected person
Sexual contact
Through contaminated food or water
Food poisoning, handled by infected person
Through bite of infected animal-vector
Ticks, mosquitoes
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7. Vocabulary Toxins: poisonous substances produced by microorganisms
Transported by blood
Cause serious and fatal effects
Endemic: disease restricted to particular region (cholera/plague in parts of Asia)
Epidemic
Disease involving many more people than usual in particular community, or
One that spreads into regions where it does not normally occur (influenza, SARS, AIDS)
Pandemic: epidemic spreads throughout world
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8. recognizes specific invaders/attacks/eliminates them
do not distinguish individual infectious agents-guards against all infections, regardless of cause
recognizes specific invaders/attacks/eliminates them
First line of defense
(can’t cause disease if kept out)
(gets through skin/mucus/etc.)
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9. 1st line of defense keep things out that cause diseases
Skin: 
Tough, physical, unbroken barrier that blocks pathogens from entering body
Glandular secretions (sweat, saliva, tears) give chemical defenses (acidic pH, lysozyme) that inhibit or kill microbes
Mucus membranes
Mucus traps microbes
Cilia
Filters air
Mucous propelled to throat, then swallowed
Stomach HCl/digestive enzymes
Kill swallowed bacteria
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12. 2nd line of defense WBCs leave blood to find invading cells in interstitial fluid/body tissues
Phagocytes
Engulf microbes
Neutrophils/Monocytes
Phagocytize bacteria/viruses
Macrophages
Develop from monocytes
Natural killer cells
Attack cancer cells/virus-infected cells
Cause cytolysis
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13. Interferon Antimicrobial protein produced by virus-infected cells
Can’t save invaded cells
Helps healthy cells resist viruses
Interferes with viral replication
Slows down progress of infection
Give specific defenses time to respond
Interferon
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14. Inactive antimicrobial proteins circulate in blood
Complement proteins
Inactive antimicrobial proteins circulate in blood
Activated by immune system or by microbes
Action
Coat microbe surfaces/easier for macrophages to engulf
Cut lethal holes in microbial membranes
Amplify inflammatory response
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15. 24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces (2nd line of defense)
Read pg. 485
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16. Histamine causes sneezing, coughing, redness, itching, runny eyes/nose
Vasodilation: area becomes hot, red, swollen due to increased blood supply
Swelling against nerves causes pain
Accumulation of fluid dilutes toxins present
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17. Systemic action of response, due to microbes or their toxins circulating in blood
Produces more WBCs
Cause fever
Stimulate phagocytosis/inhibit microbe growth
Chemicals released stimulate WBC actions
Microbes survive within narrow temperature range
Can often slow down/stop growth of some
>39oC/103o-dangerous
>41oC/105o-often fatal
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18. 24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection 24.4 The immune response counters specific invaders 24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense 24.6 Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them
Read pp
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20. Lymphatic system
Open network of vessels, lymph nodes, associated glands
Functions
Return excess fluid from interstitial fluid to circulatory system
Fight infection
Filters pathogens from blood
Contain WBCs that respond to trapped pathogens
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21. Lymph fluid of lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Activated during infection (swell, tender, aches, pain)
Lymph
Enters through open, lymphatic capillaries
Largest lymph ducts empty into circulatory system veins in shoulders
Similar to interstitial fluid (less oxygen, fewer nutrients)
Microbes from infected sites/cancer cells phagocytized by macrophages
Lymphocytes activated/mount specific immune response
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23. Specific defenses Immune system (immunity) 3rd line of defense
Extreme specificity, memory, response on 2nd exposure
Amplifies inflammatory & complement responses
Self vs. nonself
Antigen
Any molecule (polysaccharide/protein) eliciting immune response
Pathogen or part, mold, bacterial toxin, insect venom, pollen, viruses
Produce antibodies
Attaches to antigen
Antigen remembered and reacted to in future
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25. Immunity: resistance to specific invaders growth of B and T cells in response to infection
long lasting
long lasting
Lasts as long as they remain in circulation, usually for several weeks
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26. Lymphocytes (WBCs in immune system arise from stem cells in bone marrow/accumulate in lymph/lymph nodes/spleen/blood)
Humoral immunity
Fight bacteria/ viruses in blood/ interstitial fluid
Mounted by B cells that produce antibodies
Transferred passively
Cell-mediated immunity
Fight bacteria/ viruses/ fungi/ protozoan/cancer inside cells
Mounted by T cells that kill directly
Not transferred passively
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27. Recognize/respond to specific antigen
B/T cells must mature
Recognize/respond to specific antigen
Cells have antigen receptors that bind antigens
Humans have 100 million to 100 billion different kinds of B/T cells
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28. 24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens 24.8 The initial immune response results in a type of “memory”
Read pp
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29. Enter bloodstream, combines w/antigens & clump
Plasma cells secrete up to 2000 antibody molecules/sec. during 4-5 day lifetime
Enter bloodstream, combines w/antigens & clump
Macrophages engulf & destroy clumped antigens
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30. Immune response 1o immune response 2o immune response
Effector cells produced
Delay between exposure to antigen and secretion of antibodies
Release of modest levels of antibodies
2o immune response
Exposed to same antigen
Faster response
Lasts longer
Higher antibody levels
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32. 24. 9 B cells are the main warriors of humoral immunity 24
24.9 B cells are the main warriors of humoral immunity Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity Antibodies mark antigens for elimination Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic
Read pp
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33. B cells produce Antibodies
Protein in blood plasma
Attaches to one kind of antigen
Antigen-binding (determinant) site is antigen specific
May have several antigenic determinants
5 major classes of human antibodies based on nature of C region (immunoglobulins-IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM)
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34. All mechanisms involve specific recognition phase (antibodies of humoral immunity) followed by nonspecific destruction phase (phagocytosis/complement proteins)
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35. Monoclonal antibodies
Medical diagnoses (pregnancy tests-test for presence of specific hormone, HCG)
Target drugs to cells that cause disease (cancer)
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36. Read pp. 496-498 Activity 24A (1st of 2)
24.13 T cells mount the cell-mediated defense and aid humoral immunity Cytotoxic T cells may help prevent cancer The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints
Read pp
Activity 24A (1st of 2)
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37. T cells immune response
T cells immune response
Circulate in blood/lymph
Attack infected body cells
Promote phagocytosis by other WBCs
Stimulate humoral response (B cells produce antibodies)
Rejection by T cells
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38. Helper T-cells recognize self protein/foreign antigen presented by APC
T cells activated by binding to self-nonself complex
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39. Activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
Helper T cells:
Activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
Stimulate release of antibodies by B cells
Interact w/antigen-presenting cells (APCs) getting macrophages involved
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40. apoptosis (programmed cell death) and lysis
(cancer)
apoptosis (programmed cell death) and lysis
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41. Antigens are proteins specific to each particular microorganism
Antigens are proteins specific to each particular microorganism. They act as identity card that allows immune system to recognize invader organisms.
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42. Eventually, # infectious agents decreases
Eventually, # infectious agents decreases. Need to inactivate cells and put them to rest, or they’d continue to fight own cells. T-suppressor cell (or T8) sends out messages to other cells and "de-activate" them.
Activated B-cell produce millions of antibodies, a protein that binds with antigen.
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43.
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44. Recognition of self over nonself
Proteins on cell surface specific to each person
Lymphocytes recognize
Class I proteins on all nucleated body cells
Class II proteins found only on B cells, activated T cells, macrophages
Determined by 6 loci, each w/100s alleles
Only identical twins can have identical set of self proteins
Coded for by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes
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45. Different self proteins recognized as foreign
Transplant problems
Different self proteins recognized as foreign
Caused by T cell immune response
Risk of rejection minimized by
Donor’s self proteins match recipient’s as closely as possible
Immune suppression drugs
Interfere with immune system
Cyclosporine suppresses only cell-mediated response
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46. Read pp. 498-500 Activity 24B (last one)
24.16 Malfunction or failure of the immune system causes diseases Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens AIDS leaves the body defenseless
Read pp
Activity 24B (last one)
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47. Immune disorders overreaction to antigens
Physical/emotional stress weakens immune system
Autoimmune diseases: immune system turns against body’s own molecules
Rheumatoid arthritis: antibody-mediated damage to joints, bones, and cartilage
Multiple sclerosis: T cells attack myelin
Crohns: attacks digestive system
Insulin-dependent diabetes: insulin-producing cells are subjected to cell-mediated response
Lupus: production of antibodies against molecules such as histones and DNA
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49. Allergies: overreactions to environment allergens
Antihistamines interfere w/histamine action and give temporary relief
1st exposure (pollen/dust/insect toxins/cat saliva/ proteins)
Mast cells found thruout body/especially in nasal lining
Histamines increase flow of blood/fluids, (sneezing, runny eyes/nose)
2nd exposure
Histamine in greater amounts
Allergy symptoms (nasal irritation, itchiness, tears )
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50. Asthma Anaphylactic shock Serious allergic reactions
Smooth muscles contract around bronchioles
Anaphylactic shock
Mast cells release large amount of histamine (inflammatory)/dilates blood vessels suddenly
Sudden drop in blood pressure (shock)
Potentially fatal
Extreme allergy to certain allergens
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52. Immunodeficiency diseases
Lack component(s) of immune system
Susceptible to infections that would ordinarily not cause problem (opportunistic infection)
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)- inherited disorder, T/B cells absent or inactive
Hodgkin’s disease: cancer of lymphocytes; treatment can suppress immune system
HIV leads to AIDS
Attacks helper T cells
Eliminates humoral/cell-mediated immunity
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