1. AP Government Exam Morning Crash Session www.misterfitz.net

2. What you are up against…

3. Some tips… Multiple Choice:
Read each question carefully. Don’t fall for the distractors
Bubble as you go!
FRQS:
Define, Identify and Explain
Give examples even if not asked
No intro, thesis or conclusion
If it asks you to choose TWO of the following, choose ALL THREE for insurance
Demarcate your FRQs (A, B, C and so forth) this makes the reader happy
Answer the questions in the order you know them

4. The “Big XII” Constitution Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Interest Groups and Policy-making
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Bureaucracy
Federalism
Congress
Public Opinion & Political Participation
The “Big XII”
Judiciary
Political Parties
Presidency
Campaigns and Elections
Media

5. Question #1
Congress and the Bureaucracy

6. Congress, Political Participation and Civil Rights
Question #2
Congress, Political Participation and Civil Rights

7. Question #3
Judicial, legislative and executive branches

8. Question #4
Elections, media, interest groups

18. Locke and natural rights Shays “Miracle at Philadelphia”
I. Constitution (5-15%)
Locke and natural rights
Shays
“Miracle at Philadelphia”
Factions and Federalist 10
Madisonian Model
Tyranny of the majority
Great compromise
Ratification debates
Necessary and Proper clause (“elastic”)
Commerce Clause
10th Amendment
Theories of democratic gov’t:
Pluralism
Hyper pluralism
Elite theory

19. II. Federalism (5-15%) Dual federalism Fiscal federalism
Supremacy clause
Block grants
Categorical grants
Grants-in-aid
Gibbons v. Ogden (1823)
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Mandates
ADA (1990)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Devolution (New federalism)
Welfare Reform Act (1996)
“Laboratories of Democracy”
Inequality?

23. III. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (5-15%)
14th Amendment
Equal protection clause
Due process clause
Incorporation Doctrine (Selective)
Free exercise vs. establishment clause
MUST KNOW Civil Lib cases:
Schenck v. U.S. (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Near v. Minnesota (1935)
Miller v. California (1973)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
New York Times v. U.S. (1971)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Lemon v. Kurzman (1971)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Roe v. Wade (1973)

24. “2nd Tier Cases” LESS likely to appear Oregon v. Smith (1990)
Reynolds v. U.S. (1878)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

25. III. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (5-15%)
14th Amendment
Discrimination-
Strict scrutiny
Intermediate scrutiny
Rational basis
Key Civil Rights Cases
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Baker v. Carr (1963)
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
UC Davis v. Bakke (1979)

31. IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation 5-15%
Political socialization
Role of family
Role of Education
Political efficacy
Equality of opportunity vs. results
Mistrust of government
Polls and Random Digit Dialing (RDD)
Reapportionment
Sunbelt
Forms of political participation
Unconventional forms of participation
(think time energy and knowledge)

32. IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation (5-15%)
Who votes and for whom?
Blacks? Hispanics? Jews? Catholics? Evangelicals Progressives? Conservatives?

33. IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation (5-15%)
Geographically…
Rural? Urban? Northeast? Rustbelt? Sunbelt? South?

34. IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation 5-15%
Suffrage Amendments
15th, 17th,19th, 24th, 26th
Open vs. Closed primaries
Blanket primaries
Voter fatigue
Straight ticket voting
Motor Voter Law (1993)

38. V. Political Parties (5-15%)
Linkage institutions
Party-in-the-electorate
Party-in-government
Party as an organization
Party realignment
Critical elections
1828, 1860, 1896, 1932, 1968
Gerrymandering
Role of third parties

39. US THEM (Europe) Promotes stability
Nearly impossible for 3rd parties to break-in

40. VI. Campaigns and Elections (5-15%)

42. VI. Campaigns and Elections (5-15%)
Primary vs. general elections
“Money, momentum and media”
“Die-hard Diane” vs. “Donnie Don’t-Care”
Caucus
Direct primaries
Role of the convention
Gender gap
VS.

43. PRIMARY VOTERS

44. GENERAL ELECTION VOTERS

46. VI. Campaigns and Elections (5-15%)
Super Tuesday
Frontloading
McGovern-Fraser Commission
Superdelegates
PACS
FECA (1974)
FEC
Matching funds
BCRA (2002)
Hard $
Soft $
527 groups
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

48. Paid media vs. free media Broadcasting vs. narrowcasting
VII. Media (5-15%)
Functions:
Gatekeeper
Watchdog
Scorekeeper
Trial balloons
Scripted events
Paid media vs. free media
Broadcasting vs. narrowcasting
Selective attention
Horse-race journalism
Agenda-setting
Soundbites
Role of Vietnam and Watergate

52. Guardian of the Economy
VIII. Presidency (20-30%)
Seven Roles-
Chief of State
Chief Executive
Commander-in Chief
Chief Diplomat
Chief Legislator
Chief of the Party
Guardian of the Economy
22nd and 25th Amendments
War Powers Resolution (1973)
24 hour notification
60/90 day to remove troops
Vetoes-
Regular veto
Pocket-veto
Line-item
Role of the Cabinet
Executive privilege
Executive orders
Executive agreements

53. VIII. Presidency (20-30%) Office of the VP Bully Pulpit Agenda-setter
“Balancing the Ticket”
Bully Pulpit
Agenda-setter
Role of divided government
Pardons and reprieves
National Security Council (1947)
OMB

57. IX. Judiciary (20-30%) Fed. 78 and the role of the Judiciary
Judicial activism vs. judicial restraint
Original intent
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Judicial review
Collegial court concept
Warren Court ( )
Dual court system
Trial courts
Original jurisdiction
Appellate jurisdiction
District courts
Circuit Courts of Appeal
Justiciable disputes
Standing to sue
Class action lawsuits
“Rule of Four”
Majority opinion
Concurring opinion
Dissenting opinion
Solicitor General “10th Justice”
Political questions

58. IX. Judiciary (20-30%) Statutory construction Judicial implementation
Precedent
Senatorial courtesy
Appointment process
“Litmus test”
Vetting process
Amicus curiae briefs
Stare decisis
Writ of certiorari

64. X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
Coffee pot (House) vs. the Saucer (Senate)
Bicameralism
Enumerated powers
Know your checks and balances
Legislative process
Legislative oversight
Implied powers (Necessary and Proper Clause)
Commerce clause
Reapportionment
Gerrymandering
CBO
GAO
Models of representation-
Delegate
Trustee
Politico

65. Legislative Process (what the ?...)
Return
SENATE
HOUSE

66. X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
Incumbency advantage
Name recognition
Casework
Party ID
Franking privilege
Access to $$$
Political “pork”
Position-taking
Weak opponents
Safe seats
Open seats
Credit claiming
Speaker of the House
Pres. Pro Tempore (Senate)
Majority Leader (Senate)
Minority Leader (H/S)

67. X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
Whips
Caucuses
Logrolling
Filibuster (Senate only)
Holds (Senate only)
Cloture (Senate only)
Discharge petition
(House only)
“Christmas Tree” bills
Policy riders
Gridlock
Legislative veto
Seniority system
Standing committees
Conference committees
House
Rules
Ways and Means
Senate
Judiciary
Foreign Relations

68. XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
Interest groups vs. political parties
Pluralism vs. hyperpluralism vs. elite theory
Solidary benefits
Material benefits
Lobbying
Electioneering
“Going public”
Litigation
Class action lawsuits
Free-rider problem
Size of groups
First Amendment protection

69. Iron Triangles vs. Issue Networks
SELF-INTEREST

70. XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
Policy-making process:
Agenda-setting (who sets it?) 2. Policy formulation
Implementation (Fed bureaucracy) 4. Evaluation

71. XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy
Monetary (FED)
Fiscal (President and Congress)
Keynesianism vs. Supply-side
The Budget
Debt vs. deficit
Entitlements
Uncontrollable spending
Discretionary spending
Popularity of programs
Role of the following in the budget process:
President, OMB, Agencies, Cong. Committees, Interest Groups

73. XII. Bureaucracy (5-15%) Civil Service Pendleton Act
Criticisms of the Bureaucracy?
How Congress controls the Bureaucracy
How the President controls the Bureaucracy
How the Courts control the Bureaucracy
Structure of the Bureaucracy
Cabinet level agencies (15)…loyalty to the pres?
Independent regulatory agencies
Government corporations
Independent Executive Agencies

74. Some final thoughts
I will post the keys on my website tonight:
All review podcasts are up if you need to review a concept
7:30 Tuesday morning in the small gym- Don’t be Late!
Good luck!

75. Return

76. Madisonian Model
Return

77. Dual vs. Cooperative Federalism
Return
Dual vs. Cooperative Federalism

78. Incorporation Doctrine
Return
Gitlow v. New York (1925)

79. Road to the White House
Iowa then New Hampshire

80. “Last Man Standing”

81. Now who starts to pay attention?

83. IA and NH are now insignificant

84. Consequences?
Return

85. Campaign Finance Simplified
Return
“Big Tex” (private citizen)
Hard $- Limits?
Soft $- NO LIMITS!
Soft $
Limits?
Quimby for America
(PAC)-
Private citizens
Americans for Quimby (527)
Private citizens
May contribute directly
May NOT contribute directly or coordinate with
(Must report to FEC)
(Must report to FEC)
(Does NOT have to report to
FEC)