1. E_English Grammar Course
Chapter I
Elements of grammar

2. Issues 1. Introduction to Grammar 2. Morphemes and Words
3. Ways of word formation
4. Parts of speech
5. Parts of a sentence
6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

3. Introduction to Grammar
1/1 1
Introduction to Grammar
Grammar
In global sense
In narrow sense

4. Introduction to Grammar
2/1 1
Introduction to Grammar
Grammar
In global sense
equals competence, a body of knowledge that a
native speaker has about his/her language which
enables him/her to speak and understand it.
includes word and sentence structure rules,
pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,
and discourse organization rules.
In narrow sense

5. Introduction to Grammar
3/1 1
Introduction to Grammar
refers only to the formation of the word and sentence
structures.
consists of morphology, the study of words and word
formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses,
and sentences.
Grammar
In global sense
In narrow sense

6. 1/2 2
Morphemes and Words
discourse
sentence
phrase
word
morpheme

7. 2 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme 2/2
I found
myself
useless.
discourse
sentence
phrase
word
morpheme
hated enjoying
hated,
enjoying
I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look for a job.
enjoy,
-ing

8. 2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning …
3/2 2
Lexical item – meaning
LEXICAL ITEM
= A basic unit of meaning …
A single word
(E.g.: man, boy)
Less than a word
(E.g.: terr in terror)
More than one word
(E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)

9. Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.
4/2 2
Lexical item – meaning
LEXICAL ITEM
&
MEANING
Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.

10. 2 Morpheme - Word MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try
5/2 2
Morpheme - Word
MORPHEME
= A minimal meaningful unit
E.g.: re/try
boy/s

11. 2 Morpheme - Word WORD = An independent meaningful unit. E.g.: try boy
6/2 2
Morpheme - Word
WORD
= An independent meaningful unit.
E.g.: try
boy
turn
return

12. 2 Types of morphemes 7/2 Occurrence Types Free (words) Bound (affixes)
Grammatical
Function words:
prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions....
inflectional
(suffixes)
Lexical
Content words:
Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives
derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

13. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
8/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
modify the meaning of an item but not change its parts of speech.
can change meaning of the stem and typically, they change the part of speech.

14. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
9/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
are changes in words to express their semantic and syntactic relationships to other words in the sentence.
E.g.: ‘s’ in ‘Bush says’ indicates the present tense and the subject is third person and singular.
indicate semantic relationships within words.
E.g.: the morpheme ‘ful’ in ‘beautiful’ has no connection with other morphemes beyond the word.

15. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
10/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
are regularly distributed. They occur with all or most members of a word class.
E.g.: ‘s’ (3rd person singular present) occurs with most verbs.
do not occur across whole classes.
E.g.: not all verbs take the derivational suffix ‘al’ as refuse, propose.

16. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
11/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
typically occur away from the root.
E.g.: the plural morpheme ‘s’ occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes.
occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes.

17. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
12/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
-s: 3rd person singular present
-ed: past tense
-ing: present participle
-en: past participle
-s: Plural
-s: possessive
-er:comparative
-est: superlative
There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or suffixes.

18. Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
13/2 2
Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
Work in groups of 3
Each group make a list of 5 inflectional and 5 derivational morphemes
The fastest group win the game

19. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
1/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Prefixation:
adding a prefix to the base
E.g.: Non-stop
Predict

20. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
2/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Suffixation:
adding a suffix to the base
E.g.: Economist
Grammatical

21. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
3/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Conversion:
a change of word-classes without affix.
E.g.: Import (n), (v)
Abstract (n), (adj)

22. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
4/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Compounding:
word formation from two or more bases.
E.g. Greenhouse effect
Desktop computer

23. 3 Morphological processes of word formation shortening a word
5/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Clipping:
shortening a word
E.g.: Phone from telephone
Photo from photograph
Flu from influenza

24. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
6/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Reduplication:
word formation from two or more either identical or slightly different elements.
E.g.: Goody-goody
Tick-tock
Seesaw
Wishy-washy
Tip-top

25. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
7/3
Morphological processes of word formation 3
Blending:
word formation from two separate forms.
E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel
Smog from smoke and fog.

26. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
8/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Acronym:
word formation from initial letters of a series of words.
E.g.: TV from television
FAQ from frequently asked question.

27. Sound + stress interchange
9/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
E.g.: aspirin
Others
Coinage
E.g.: boss, piano
Borrowing
E.g.: opt (option)
Backformation
E.g.: conduct
Sound + stress interchange
E.g.: kiwi
Sound imitation

28. 3 Morphological processes of word formation
10/3 3
Morphological processes of word formation
Each student receives an affix
Group yourselves into prefixes and suffixes
Each student gives an example of his/her affix

29. 1/4 4
Parts of speech
Parts of speech
Closed system
Open class

30. 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 2/4
comprises functional words such as articles, demonstratives, pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections
Open class

31. 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 3/4
Features:
unextendable number of members
reciprocally exclusive
reciprocally defining
unstressed in spoken language
Open class

32. 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 4/4
comprises notional/ lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
Closed system
Open class

33. 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 5/4
Features:
extendable number of members
combinability
having certain syntactic functions
stressed words in spoken language
Closed system
Open class

34. 6/4 4
Parts of speech
Decide if the following words belong to closed-system or open class
blue
head
the
that
summarize
which
you
open
closed

35. 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator
1/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
Subject
Predicate
Operator

36. 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator
2/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
Subject
Predicate
Operator
What is being discussed – theme.
E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle
every day.

37. 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 3/5
What is being said about the subject – rheme.
E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle
every day.

38. 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 4/5
What helps to change a sentence into:
- interrogative
E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day?
negative
E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day.
- emphatic
E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day.
Subject
Predicate
Operator

39. 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 5/5
include BE & HAVE
E.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job.
Lexical verbs
include BE & HAVE
E.g.: I am cooking.
Primary
Auxiliaries
include will, shall, should, can, might, etc.
E.g.: I can cook.
Modal

40. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
6/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial

41. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
7/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Intensive
Extensive
+ Cs (1)
+ A (obli)
(2)
intransitive
(3)
transitive
mono-transitive
(4)
di-transitive (5)
complex-transitive
(6,7)
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial

42. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
8/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
He is lovely.
SVCs (1)
intensive
He is out of the office.
SVA (obli)
(2)
He is crying.
SV (3)
intransitive
extensive
He broke the vase.
SVO (4)
transitive
He sent me an .
SVOO (5)
He found the play boring.
SVOCo (6)
He put the vase on the table.
SVOA (obli)
(7)
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial

43. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
9/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Stative
Not progressive form
Verb
E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good.
Object
Dynamic
Progressive form
Complement
E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked.
Adverbial

44. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
10/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
indirect (Oi)
direct (Od)
Object
Complement
E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).
Adverbial

45. Object Complement (Co) Subject Complement (Cs)
11/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)
considers me his best friend (Co).
Verb
Object
Object Complement (Co)
Subject Complement (Cs)
Complement
Adverbial

46. 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
12/5 5
Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)
His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)
Object
Complement
obligatory
optional
Adverbial

47. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
1/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence

48. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
2/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
Noun phrase
E.g.: All these books are mine.
Verb phrase
E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.
Adjective phrase
E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.
Adverb phrase
E.g.: He ran quite fast.
Prepositional phrase
E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.

49. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
3/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns
In terms of functions of the clause
In terms of kinds of verb phrases

50. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
4/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
SVA: John is at home
SVCs: John is a doctor.
SVO: John has cured many serious patients.
SVOO: He gives his patients the same
prescription.
SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file.
SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.
SV: He’s going out.
In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns
In terms of functions of the clause
In terms of kinds of verb phrases

51. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
5/6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 6
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns
In terms of functions of the clause
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: He took her out of the blue.
Non-finite clause
E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents.
Verbless clause
E.g.: If possible, come to see us.

52. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
6/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns
In terms of functions of the clause
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
Subordinate
Superordinate
E.g.: She said that you hit her first.
subordinate
superordinate

53. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
7/6 6
Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
E.g.: All these books are mine.
Simple
E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking.
Compound
E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in
the London workshop.
Complex
Complex compound
E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the
child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes
and looked at the stranger.

54. Homework
Exercises 4-7, Workbook