1. 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance
Beyond dominant and recessive

2. *Not everything follows Mendel’s rules
There are exceptions to Mendel’s principles
Genetics is complicated because the majority of genes have more than two alleles
Traits can be controlled by more than one gene
Genetics goes WAY beyond pure dominance and recessiveness…

3. I. Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance – occurs when neither allele is dominant over the other
Heterozygous individuals would show an intermediate form of BOTH alleles
Ex: Four o’clock flowers
P generation: Red (RR) x White (WW)
F1 generation: 100% RW = PINK!

4. Practice incomplete dominance:
Show the cross of a red flower with a pink flower :
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:

5. Practice incomplete dominance:
Show the cross of two pink flowers:
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:

6. Practice incomplete dominance:
SpongeBob loves growing flowers for his pal Sandy! Her favorite flowers, Poofkins, are found in red, blue, and purple.
What would happen if SpongeBob crossed a Poofkin with red flowers with a Poofkin with blue flowers.
R represents a red gene and B represents a blue gene.

7. II. Codominance
Codominance occurs when BOTH alleles are dominant and have full effect
Both dominant alleles appear in the heterozygous individual (NOT BLENDED!)
“Co” = together (think- coworker, cooperate)
Ex: heterozygous chickens speckled black and white, and roan cows

8. White and Red
cross to make Roan
White and Black
cross to make Speckled

9. Practice codominance
Cattle can be red (RR), white (WW ), or roan (RW = red & white hairs together). 
1. What would a Punnett square be for a cross of a red cow and a roan cow?
Give the genotypes and phenotypes
2. What should the genotypes & phenotypes for parent cattle be if a farmer wanted only cattle with red fur?

10. III. Multiple Alleles So far, ex. with genes with two alleles (T or t)
Many genes exist in several different forms and are said to have multiple alleles
Individuals only INHERIT TWO
Ex: coat color in rabbits is controlled by a gene with FOUR alleles, giving many variations to rabbit’s coat color
Also, human blood type has 3 alleles: A, B, O

11. Blood type – multiple alleles
Blood type exists as four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, & O.
There are 3 alleles for the gene that determines blood type
Alleles are: A, B, or O
Remember: You have just 2 of the 3 in your genotype from mom & 1 from dad

12. Blood type: Codominance and Multiple alleles
Notice that, according to the symbols used in the table above, that the allele for "O" (i) is recessive to the alleles for "A" & "B".

13. Try a blood type problem:
A woman with Type O blood and a man who is Type AB have are expecting a child.  What are the possible blood types of their child? 

14. IV. Polygenic Traits
Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. Polygenic means “many genes.”
Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phenotypes
Ex: The variety of skin color in humans comes about partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait

15. IV. Polygenic Traits
Skin color, hair color, eye color are all polygenic traits (are coded by more than one gene)
Each of these genes controls the amount of a pigment called melanin
The more of the genes that are expressed, the darker the color produced.

16. V. Genes & Environment Characteristics not ONLY determined by genes
Genes provide a plan for development, but how that plan unfolds also depends on the environment
Ex: temperature affects coloration of many organisms – Siamese cats, western white butterfly

17. What type of inheritance is it?