1. States of Consciousness
2-4%

2. “And then suddenly, I saw this bright light at the end of the tunnel.”

3. Summary Outline A. Sleep and Dreaming B. Hypnosis
C. Psychoactive Drug Affects

4. A. Sleep and Dreaming
All animals need to sleep

5. EEG and sleep

6. EEG Recordings Frequency How fast ups and downs occur Amplitude
Distance between a peak and a trough

7. Stages of Sleep

8. Unit V. States of Consciousness

9. Characteristics of EEG sleep stages
Frequency
(cycles / second)
Amplitude
Wave Form
Stage I
4 - 8
50-100
Theta
Waves
Stage II
8 - 15
50-150
Spindle Waves
2 - 4
Slow waves plus splindles
Stage IV
Delta
Unit V. States of Consciousness

10. Need for Sleep Preservation and Protection Theory
Sleep Preserves energy
Stay out of harm’s way during dangerous or unproductive parts of the day

11. Restorative Theory of Sleep
Body needs to recovery from the day
Muscles and brain relax during sleep as if resting up
Sleep Deprivation
Complete sleep deprivation prevents healing in rats, then kills them
Circadian Rhythms
Daily cycle of energy and relaxtion

12. Functions of Sleep Lowering metabolic rate conserves energy
Reduces the risk of thermal disequilibrium during the coldest part of the day
New learning processes are inactivated which allows us to:
Reorganize and more efficiently store the information already in the brain

13. Functions of sleep Homeostasis (constancy) Need for Alertness
Fluctuates despite our best efforts
Occasionally fails completely
Sleep helps to restore
Heteroplasticity (capacity to change in response to changing circumstances)
Information processing

14. Replenishment of Neurotransmitters
During REM sleep
Most neurons decrease activity slightly in sleep
A small minority of neurons cease firing altogether
Aminergic Neurons
Norepinephrine- and Serotonin-releasing neurons
Located in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei
Ach has a concurrent increase during REM sleep

15. Neuronal Replenishment theory suggest that:
Norepinephrine and serotonin are involved in alertness
The producing neurons are inactive during REM sleep
The brain produces these transmitters during sleep
Which explains the refreshed feelings when we awake

16. Dreaming Dreams: Content, Lucid Dreaming Meaning of Dreams
Wish fulfillment (Freud)
Activation-synthesis (Hobson & McCarley)
Information Processing, Problem-Solving
Daydreams and Fantasies

17. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Somnambulism

18. Sleep and Dreaming Activities Neuroscience for Kids
Activity 1: Keep a "SLOG" (Sleep Log)
Dream Journal Worksheet
Sleep Journal Worksheet
Activity 2: Be an REM Detective
Activity 3: Drop off or Drift off?
Activity 4: Sleep Latency

19. B. Hypnosis Hypnotic susceptibility Age regression
Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia
Meditation

20. Theories of Hypnosis: Deep relaxation Role playing State theory
Dissociation theory

21. C. Psychoactive Drug Affects
Agonists (Mimic)
Antagonists (Block)

22. Abuse Drug Use / Drug Abuse / Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal
Psychological dependence
Physical dependence
Addiction
Tolerance
Withdrawal

23. Indicators of severity
Age
Early initiation of drug use is a predictor
Solitary Drug Use
Solitary use is more indicative than social use
Means of Acquiring Drugs
Purchasing from Strangers
Users often say they share
What was given in return?

24. Motivation for Drug Use
Reduce stress / Build self-esteem
Rebelliousness
Peer pressure / Desire to be sociable
Use of Multiple Drugs
Behavior While Under the Influence of Drugs
Associated with traffic violations, pranks, shoplifting, fights

25. Class Effects Opiates / Narcotics Heroin Morphine Codeine Opiods
Depressants
Alcohol
Sedatives
Barbiturates
Tranquilizer
Stimulants
Caffeine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
Psychedelics
LSD
Mescaline
Marijuana
Hashish
Phencyclidine