1. Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics

2. alkane + halogen  haloalkane +hydrogen halide
ALKANES
Combustion (Extreme Oxidation)
Alkane + O2  CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion
Alkane + O2  CO + H2 O
Substitution (with halides)
alkane + halogen  haloalkane +hydrogen halide
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl

3. ALKENES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the double bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides)
alkene + halogen haloalkane
B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)
alkene + hydrogen alkane
CH2=CH2 + H CH3CH3

4. C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkene + hydrogen halide haloalkane
D) Hydration (adding water)
alkene + water alcohol
Hydrohalogenation and hydration follow Markovnikov’s Rule which states that the hydrogen is added to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms originally bonded to it.

5. *Polymerization will be addressed in section 2.3
2. Combustion (extreme oxidation)
Alkene + O2  CO2 + H2O
3. Polymerization (forming long chains from small subunits)
*Polymerization will be addressed in section 2.3

6. ALKYNES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the multiple bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides)
alkyne + 2 halogens haloalkane
alkyne + 1 halogen haloalkene

7. B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)
alkyne + 2 hydrogen alkane

8. C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkyne hydrogen halides haloalkane

9. Reactions of Aromatics
1. Substitution
A) With Halogens
benzene + halogen halobenzene + hydrogen halide

10. 2. With Alkyl Halides ( not mentioned in textbook)
benzene + alkyl halide alkyl benzene + hydrogen halide
3. With Nitric Acid ( not mentioned in textbook)
benzene + nitric acid nitrobenzene + water