1. Transport in animals

2. Objectives
Discuss the need for transport system in multi-cellular organisms.
Describe the components of blood and their functions
Differentiate among blood vessels
Describe the structure & function of the heart.

3. Why do animals need a transport system?
A transport system carries things to and from one place to the next.
Smaller plants and animals have a larger surface are to volume ratio
This means that from any point on their surface, materials can diffuse inwards and reach the destination quickly

4. The very small organisms such as the unicellular Amoeba don’t need a transport system. Different substances diffuse in and out of their bodies across surface membranes.
In larger organisms the process of diffusion will occur only up to a few cells into the body from the surface. Also with skin, fur and feathers acting as barriers the process is slowed.
It is inefficient as necessary substances will not reach to cells in required time.

5. Only organisms that are a few cells large are able to use diffusion as an efficient means of transport, after which a transportation system is necessary

6. *The larger an organism gets, the smaller the surface area to volume ratio is, so movement of materials by diffusion takes longer.
Therefore the development of a transport system was essential for larger organisms
This system functions to carry essential substances to each cell and carries away toxic substances from them in an effective and efficient manner.

7. The circulatory system

8. Circulatory System
The circulatory system is the transport system found in mammals. Humans have a cardiovascular system in which two types of circulation occurs ( Systemic and Pulmonary)
The circulatory system is composed
of three main parts:
The heart
The blood
The blood vessels.

9. Heart
This organ pumps blood around the body at different speeds and at different pressures according to the body’s needs.
The heart is made of CARDIAC MUSCLE.
The cardiac muscles in the heart contracts and relaxes continuously.

10. Cardiac muscle
This muscle has its own blood supply (coronary circulation).
Blood reaches the muscle via the coronary arteries.
These carry blood to capillaries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen & nutrients.
This allows the heart muscle to keep on working.
Blood returns to the atrium via coronary veins.

11. Structure of the Heart

12. Structure of the heart The heart has four chambers:
The two upper chambers are the Right and Left Atrium
The two lower chambers are the Right and Left Ventricles.
It’s also divided into a right and left side by the SEPTUM;
The left side of the heart circulates oxygenated blood.
The right side of the heart circulates deoxygenated blood.

13. There are four valves separating each chamber. What is their function?
As blood enters the atrium, its walls stretch to receive blood; then it contracts to push blood through onto the lower ventricles.

14. Valves Prevents backflow of blood to the previous chamber.
The Tricuspid valve separates which two chambers?
Mitral valve?
Aortic Valve?
Pulmonary Valve?

15. RULES Blood enters the heart through the atria.
Blood leaves the heart when the ventricles contract.
The right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs
The left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body.
This requires much more pressure, which is why the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle.

16. FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH HEART
Deoxygenated blood from body enters from Vena cava vein into RA
Atria contracts and pushes blood from RA into RV
Ventricles contract and blood is pushed into pulmonary artery which goes towards the lungs.
Gaseous exchange occurs at alveoli and pulmonary vein brings back Oxygenated blood to LA.

17. When atria contract simultaneously again , the oxygenated blood is pushed into LV
When ventricles contract the blood is pumped out to Aorta and to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary artery and vein are the few blood vessels in which the roles of artery and vein are reversed.
*Normally arteries carry oxygenated blood to organs and veins bring back deoxygenated blood from body to heart

19. Systole and Diastole
The systole occurs when the chambers of the heart contracts. Pumps blood out of heart
The diastole occurs when the heart’s chambers relax, allows new blood to enter heart
This contraction and relaxation is what causes the “lub-dub” sound of the heartbeat.

20. Animation of heartbeat.

21. Double circulation in humans.
This refers to a system that pumps blood to the heart twice. It has two main parts:
Pulmonary circulation: blood is first circulated through the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Systemic circulation: blood is then circulated throughout the body where it unloads its oxygen, and exchanged with deoxygenated blood.

22. Double Circulation

23. Types of blood vessels Small Lumen Large Lumen Muscle & elastic layer
Outer wall
with
muscle
fibres
Small Lumen
Large Lumen
Muscle &
elastic
layer

24. Capillary-the linkage between artery and vein

25. Exchange of material at cell site
At the cells, a capillary network is formed. Plasma from the blood capillaries ooze out under arteriole pressure and surrounds the cells
This is known as TISSUE FLUID. This provides a moist medium for substances to diffuse across the cell and capillary membranes. Increases diffusion rate.
On the Venous end of the capillary network the plasma is reabsorbed back into capillaries.

26. Blood
The blood is the medium in which substances are transported throughout the body. It has many other functions besides transportation alone.

27. BLOOD COMPOSITION
The composition of materials transported by blood are:
Water
Gases (Oxygen, Carbon dioxide)
Salts
Nutrients
Nitrogenous waste products e.g. urea
Hormones & antibodies
Heat
These substances that are transported are dissolved in the blood plasma

28. BLOOD COMPONENTS Blood is comprised of Plasma Red blood cells
White Blood cells
Platelets

29. Plasma This is the yellowish liquid part of blood,90% is water
Transports dissolved substances :
Dissolved food
CO2
Hormones
Mineral salts
Nitrogenous waste

30. Red blood cells
The red blood cells are responsible for the transport of oxygen
It contains haemoglobin which combines reversibly with oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin) and is carried to cells.
Oxygen is readily released from haem at tissues where O2 level is low.

31. At the cells the rbc encounters carbon dioxide
Why?
The carbon dioxide diffuses into blood (along conc. gradient) and travels as hydrogen carbonate ions in the plasma

32. Red Blood Cell
RBC has no nucleus which increases amt of haem carried in it and hence can transport more O2
RBC die after 3-4 mths
Rbc is produced in the bone marrow of long bones: femur, humerus, pelvis, ribs etc

33. White blood cells These are the bodyguards against pathogen infection
They help fight against disease by surrounding and destroying foreign objects that are introduced into the system
They are categorized according to their actions
Phagocytes: lobed nucleus, surrounds and “eats” pathogen
Lymphocytes: round nucleus, produce antibodies which stick to and deactivates pathogen.

34. Platelets Platelets are fragments of cells formed in bone marrow
They have no nucleus
Function to help clot blood preventing blood loss.
What is the importance of clotting blood?
Draw diagram of formation of blood clot.

35. Draw diagramto show blood clot process
Draw diagramto show blood clot process. include Ca+ and vit K importance

36. BLOOD TRIVIA Human body has between 4.5 to 5.6 litres of blood
Blood vessels in body laid end to end would stretch 60,000miles
The normal heart pumps 5 liters of blood per minute

37. ABO BLOOD GROUPS There are 4 blood types: A, B , O ,AB
These arise from the presence or absecence of antigens a and b on blood cell membranes
Each blood type produces different and specific antigens which fight foreign objects
Important to know blood group especially during a blood tranfusion
The donor’s blood must match the recipient for transfusion to be successful.
Important steps to take when having blood transfusions?

39. Diseases associated with circulatory system
Hypertension
This is persistent high pressure of blood on the inside walls of arteries.
This high pressure can cause vessels as capillaries to burst.
A stroke is where a blood vessel in brain burst, affecting portion of brain and damaging it because oxygen is not being delivered.
Hypertension can cause vessels to burst in other organs e.g. kidney failure

40. Arteriosclerosis Hardening of artery walls
Clotting of blood in arteries can lead to ateriothrombosis

41. Immunization
Immunization is the ability to withstand or fight any illness or disease.
When there are foreign bodies or antigens entering the body , the blood makes antibodies to fight and rid the body of the deleterious effects .

42. The first line of defense is the physical barrier of skin to germs.
Other body orifices are also protected by some means or the other: nose, lungs, vagina, eyes, stomach
The second defense is the presence of white blood cells that attack and eat the pathogens that may enter body. This is a non specific defense mechanism
The third is the production of antibodies that are specific to antigens or germs that enter the body. It is produced by lymphocytes.

43. Antibodies perform 4 different type of functions:
They surround and kill the antigen
They neutralise the toxic effect of the antigen on the body.
Immunity is obtained either naturally or artificially.
Natural immunity is obtained when the body when infected, produces the antibodies to fight the infection

44. Immunization process
When infection first occurs it takes time for the body to make the antibodies to fight the antigens. Afterwards the blood cells retains memory antibodies which are capable of producing the antibodies faster if it is infected with the same disease again.

45. Natural immunity
This is the immunity gained when