1. APT: The threat is real, well-funded, and coming for your data. Jesse Fernandez

2. About Me Jesse Fernandez currently works as a Senior IS Audit Specialist in the insurance industry. In his role, Fernandez conducts complex information security audits. Recently, Fernandez worked with the PCI DSS Standards Council to develop guidance around conducting a PCI DSS risk assessment in the role of Content-Coordinator to ensure document consistency, technical soundness, and assist in the development of the table of contents. Fernandez holds the GSLC, GSEC, GCIH, CISSP, and CISA certifications and has over ten years of industry experience.

3. Agenda APT Favored Means of Attack Best Practices

4. Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) "An adversary that possesses sophisticated levels of expertise and significant resources which allow it to create opportunities to achieve its objectives by using multiple attack vectors (e.g., cyber, physical, and deception). These objectives typically include establishing and extending footholds within the information technology infrastructure of the targeted organizations for purposes of exfiltrating information, undermining or impeding critical aspects of a mission, program, or organization; or positioning itself to carry out these objectives in the future. The advanced persistent threat: (i) pursues its objectives repeatedly over an extended period of time; (ii) adapts to defenders’ efforts to resist it; and (iii) is determined to maintain the level of interaction needed to execute its objectives." - NIST

5. A Serious Threat (2009) “Cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation.” “America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity.” - Barack Obama May 29, 2009 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the- President-on-Securing-Our-Nations-Cyber-Infrastructure

6. A Serious Threat (2012) 621 confirmed breaches 44 million records compromised “State-affiliated actors tied to China (accounted) for about one-fifth (125) of all breaches.” Source - Verizon

7. APT1 Mandiant released report exposing the Comment Crew (APT1) on February 19, 2013 http://intelreport.mandiant.com/ Alleged that APT1 is a military group belonging to the People's Republic of China China denies the allegations

8. APT1 141 detected intrusions since 2006 across 20 industries such as Financial Services, IT, Electronics, Health Care, Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation, Food and Agriculture 115/141 (81%) detected intrusions were U.S. companies

9. APT1 " Drained terabytes of data from companies like Coca- Cola" “RSA was amongst those attacked" "On average the group would stay inside a network, stealing data and passwords, for a year; in one case it had access for four years and 10 months." Source – New York Times

10. A Serious Expense According to the Ponemon Institute, the cost of a malicious or criminal data breach in the United States was $277 per record during 2012 (max = 100K records) According to the Washington Post, the APT attack against RSA cost EMC (RSA parent company) $66 million (to investigate attack, harden systems, and work with customers). What is your organizations’ reputation worth? IP?

11. Well-Funded Source: Mandiant report

12. U.S. & China Talks Meeting to discuss “the theft of intellectual property from American companies.” “Attacks have resulted in the greatest transfer of wealth in history.” Source – New York Times

13. Recon Attackers perform reconnaissance activities on the targeted organization Once desired information is obtained, attackers attempt social engineering attacks (amongst other things) Only need to succeed once

14. For example We will illustrate the power of obtaining public information

15. What can I find?

16. It gets better Social Network Sites – Linked in, Facebook, Twitter, Google+, “insert social engineering (er social networking) site here”

17. Wait, there is more No wonder I get so much spam!

18. Social Engineering “Social engineering is using deception, manipulation and influence to convince a human who has access to a computer system to do something.” Source - Time.com

19. Social Engineering 2.0 – Spear Phishing “The practice of sending fraudulent e-mails to extract financial data from computer users for purposes of identity theft, by mimicking a sender that the recipient knows.” Source – Dictionary.com “Spear phishing continues to be a favored means by APT attackers to infiltrate target networks.” Source – Trend Micro Targeted & Effective

20. Spear Phishing Source - New York Times

21. Spear Phishing New York Times Hack (8/27/13) The Syrian Electronic Army took credit for the attack (also attacked Twitter) “The attackers sent an email to the New York Time’s domain name registrar, Melbourne IT” “Two staff members opened a fake email seeking login details.” – the staff members worked for an Indian Internet service provider that was one of Melbourne IT’s resellers Source – NBC News

22. Pwn3d Now that they tricked your user and have compromised a system, the real fun begins The attacker is now inside your environment Your company just became a statistic Various avenues of attack

23. Don’t become a statistic Digital weapons are expensive! According to Forbes, zero day exploits can be sold “(you can sell a zero day exploit to) a government agency, (if you) don’t ask too many questions, and get paid a quarter of a million dollars.” Source - Forbes

24. So Must have robust security policies Must identify and classify data Must perform a risk assessment Must secure your environment

25. Information Security Policies SANS has published various security policies and has given organizations the right to modify them to fit their needs http://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/ Work with your legal team Revisit your policies periodically (as the business changes)

26. Information Sensitivity Policy “The Information Sensitivity Policy is intended to help employees determine what information can be disclosed to non-employees, as well as the relative sensitivity of information that should not be disclose outside of without proper authorization.” Source - SANS

27. Find your data Talk to the business, walkthrough their processes What/Where are your most valuable assets? If you don’t know where your data is, don’t worry the attackers will find it for you

28. Data Classification Classify your data Define data owner’s responsibility Protect your most critical data accordingly Attackers will go after your most valuable information, after all they need to make money for their efforts

29. Manage 3 rd parties Do you provide any valuable information to 3 rd parties? If so, need to ensure 3 rd party protects your data Reputation risk

30. Risk Assessment What threats do we face? What can go wrong? Are we running vulnerable or outdated systems? Are our systems compliant with internal and/or regulatory requirements?

31. Regulatory Compliance Know what applies (PCI DSS, SOX, HIPAA, GLBA, etc) Understand the intent Privacy Policy (ask the lawyers about this one) Due care

32. Audit Plan What does the audit universe look like? Do you currently do business in an industry known to have been a target? Are you in talks to acquire another company (or be acquired)? Be aware that laws/regulations typically lag behind technology

33. Laws vs. Tech http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Cyberspace_Policy_Review_fi nal.pdf

34. Best Practices Now that you know what assets you are trying to protect and the residual risk present in your environment, the real fun (err work) begins Let’s explore some best practices – remember, we can’t cover all of them in one hour

35. Perimeter Protection DMZ Firewalls NIDS Secure coding (OWASP) WAF (protect vs. SQL Injection, XSS, CSRF)

36. Segment Network Understand your environment Follow the data Limit available paths

37. Protect Users Limit admin access Malware protection DLP (to prevent users from storing/transmitting your most sensitive data everywhere)

38. Application Whitelisting Feature in Windows XP, Server 2003 and above (Software Restriction Policies) Created with Group Policy Microsoft has overview and how-to guide http://technet.microsoft.com/en- us/library/bb457006.aspx

39. Why Use Application Whitelisting “Hostile code can take many forms. It can range from native Windows executables (.exe), to macros in word processing documents (.doc), to scripts (.vbs).” “Viruses and worms often use social engineering to trick users into activating them. With the sheer number and variety of forms that code can take, it can be difficult for users to know what is safe to run and what is not. When activated, hostile code can damage content on a hard disk, flood a network with a denial-of-service attack, send confidential information out to the Internet, or compromise the security of a machine.” Source - Microsoft

40. BYOD For employee-owned devices (BYOD), consider implementing a solution that will allow the organization to centrally manage the devices Ensure internal policies cover BYOD Educate the users on your policies prior to granting BYOD access to corporate data

41. Protect Data Encrypt Segment Limit authorized access (need-to-know)

42. Access Controls Weak passwords can be cracked Have more stringent requirements for administrators Two-factor authentication

43. Physical Security Ensure employees can differentiate employees from non-employees Ensure data center has access restrictions Ensure internal procedures are followed

44. Harden Systems Use industry accepted standards such as those published by the Center for Internet Security (CIS) Understand application requirements Remove unnecessary components

45. Maintain Systems Patch management and/or system upgrades Run only supported versions EOL

46. Identify Vulnerabilities Review the results of vulnerability scans Ensure high risk vulnerabilities are resolved in a timely manner Monitor remediation efforts, make this part of your audit plan

47. Pen Testing Consider having an internal team conduct pen testing to identify the low hanging fruit (then bring in the pros) Learn the fundamentals Tools are your friend

48. Pen Testing Ensure a reputable team conducts pen testing in your environment periodically Did your intrusion analyst team detect the pen test? Monitor remediation efforts, make this part of your audit plan

49. Change Control System Baseline Ensure all changes made to systems and/or applications are documented, validated, and can be tracked Ensure unauthorized changes are detected

50. Intrusion Detection What would happen in your organization if executive management learned that the network has been compromised for a year or more? Prevention is great, but you must detect Incident response Make this part of your audit plan

51. Real World Example Source - Mandiant report

52. What we could do http://www.filext.com

53. We don’t have/can’t … Remember, segmentation is your friend Looking for abnormal traffic Need correct placement of sensors and plenty of skilled analysts to have a chance

54. User Education Help defend against social engineering attacks – making the attacks less effective Eliminates confusion - let users know what they are responsible for Review materials to ensure they are based on the risk your organization faces, make this part of your audit plan

55. Combat Social Engineering Do internal testing Be consistent Review metrics, make this part of your audit plan

56. Rehearsal Practice, Practice, Practice Don’t be afraid of playing with technology Attackers are getting better – we need to get better too

57. Conclusion Practice due care Secure your environment so that attackers need to utilize its costly digital weapons to succeed In the event of a successful attack, must detect and control the damage (incident response)

58. Resources http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks- by-the-President-on-Securing-Our-Nations-Cyber- Infrastructure http://intelreport.mandiant.com/ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/technology/chinas- army-is-seen-as-tied-to-hacking-against- us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,20893 44,00.html#ixzz2NFNfIKT6

59. Resources http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/03/23/ shopping-for-zero-days-an-price-list-for-hackers-secret- software-exploits/ http://dictionary.reference.com/ http://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/ http://www.verizonenterprise.com/DBIR/2013/

60. Resources http://www.sans.org/security- resources/policies/Information_Sensitivity_Policy.pdf http://www.cisecurity.org/ https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Main_Page http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud- content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp- spear-phishing-email-most-favored-apt-attack-bait.pdf

61. Resources http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Cyberspa ce_Policy_Review_final.pdf http://filext.com/file-extension/RAR http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/technology/16whale.html http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standards-and- guidance/ippf/definition-of-internal-auditing

62. Resources https://www4.symantec.com/mktginfo/whitepaper/053013_GL_NA_W P_Ponemon-2013-Cost-of-a-Data-Breach- Report_daiNA_cta72382.pdf http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-tech/post/cyber-attack-on- rsa-cost-emc-66-million/2011/07/26/gIQA1ceKbI_blog.html http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/world/asia/us-and-china-to-hold- talks-on-hacking.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457006.aspx http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/new-york-times-hacked-syrian- electronic-army-suspected-8C11016739

63. Want More? In my opinion SANS offers the best training in the industry Audit 307: Foundations of Auditing Security and Controls of IT Systems: IT systems are fundamental to many of the controls that need to be audited for organizations today. It's important for auditors to have a foundational understanding of networks and systems and the controls that should be in place. During this course, we discuss the principles around IT controls, the primary regulatory drivers for IT audit, the audit process, and the primary IT audit controls that auditors should be aware of. SANS.org great resource (webcasts, policy templates, training)

64. Thank you Contact – jessefernandezsec(at)gmail(dot)com