1. 7.1 Mechanisms (perceptual, motivational, learning, motor, etc.) Behavioral capacities Lifetime reproductive success Next generation Developmental programs Genetic influences Nongenetic influences

2. 7.2 Exteroceptive and interoceptive information Perceptual processes Short-term acquisition Long-term storage Storage Response selection Physiological activation Behavioral activation Retrieval Associative learning

3. 7.3 (a) Classical conditioning (b) Instrumental conditioning Stimulus 1 (CS) Stimulus 2 (US) Response 2 (CR) Response 1 (UR) Stimulus 1 (S D ) Stimulus 2 (S R ) Response 1 (R i ) Response 2 (R c )

4. 7.4 SDSD RiRi SRSR (Pavlovian) eReR (a) Two-process theory (parallel processing) (b) Occasion-setting theory (hierarchical processing) SDSD riri eReR RiRi SRSR riri (Instrumental)

5. 7.5 Test Start Goal Caudate Nucleus Hippocampal Test Day 8Test Day 16

6. 7.6 Master Yoked RiRi Nothing No R Trials when Master Animal Responds R SDSD Master Yoked No R i “S D ” SRSR No R R Trials when Master Animal does not Respond Nothing “S R ” or “S D ” SDSD

7. 7.7

8. 7.8

9. 7.9 Start Box Goal Box Treatment

10. 7.10 Acquisition Score Cycle/Trial Duration Ratio 1 10 100 1000 1 10100

11. 7.11 (3) (2) (1)

12. 7.12

13. 7.13 AcquisitionExtinction

14. 7.14 70:3050:5030:7050:50

15. 7.15 Start box Side arm (black) Side arm (white) Goal box Choice box Delay box 10 cm Doors

16. 7.16 0201030 0.2.4.6.8 Probability 1.0 Postfood Time (s) Feeder area Running Other Running wheel area Drinking Water bottle area

17. 7.17 Predating General search Focal search Handle / consume Travel Socialize Investigate Chase Lie in wait Capture Test Ingest Reject Hoard MODE Locomote Scan Crawl over Sniff Nose Paw Track Cut off Immobile Pounce Grab Bite Gnaw Hold Chew Swallow Spit out Wipe off Carry MODULEACTIONSUBSYSTEM

18. No ResponseLightPainShock Early trials, first process: ResponseLightLight off Later trials, second process: Fear reduction Fear Pavlovian Instrumental 7.18 Shock off

19. 7.19

20. 7.20

21. CR UR Compensatory responses Hyperalgesia 7.21 CS Cues present before and during drug administration Context US Direct effects of the drug Hypoalgesia Unconditioned link Conditioned link