1. Steps of the Scientific Method

2. What is the scientific method?
The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.
We will study the steps of the scientific method and eventually design our own experiments.

3. Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/Question
Observation/Research
Formulate a Hypothesis
Experiment
Collect and Analyze Results
Conclusion
Communicate the Results

4. Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

5. Steps of the Scientific Method
John watches his Grandma bake bread. Grandma explains that yeast eats sugar in the bread dough and releases gas which makes the bread rise. John wonders – Will the amount of sugar in the recipe affect the size of a bread loaf?

6. Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation/Research: Make observations and research your topic of interest.

7. John researches how baking and fermentation works
John researches how baking and fermentation works. He keeps all of his research information in a journal.

8. Steps of the Scientific Method
Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question.

9. Hypothesis If IV then DV.
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
If IV then DV.

10. What are IV and DV?
Independent Variable – the factor that is intentionally manipulated or changed in an experiment. Valid experiments have only one independent variable.
Dependent Variable – the factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable. The dependent variable must be measureable.

11. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”
After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis.
“If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

12. Steps to the Scientific Method
Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

13. Control Group

14. Control Group
The control group serves as the standard of comparison in an experiment.
The control group may be a “no treatment” group.
All experiments should have a control group.

15. Constants
The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same. What are the constants in the bread experiment?

16. Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment. There must be multiple trials of an experiment for it to be considered valid.

17. Steps to the Scientific Method
Collect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

18. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3
Size of Bread Loaf (cm3)
Trials
Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3
Average
Size (cm3) 50
1296
1440
1344 60
1404
1380 70
1638
1560
1612 80
1332 90
1080
1200
972
1084
Control group

19. Steps to the Scientific Method
Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

20. Steps to the Scientific Method
Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.