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Mental Health Nursing: Anxiety Disorders

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1 Mental Health Nursing: Anxiety Disorders
Stress Produces Anxiety

2 Anxiety Disorders Objectives
At the completion of this unit you will be able to: Explain anxiety and five specific anxiety disorders Identify behavioral and physical manifestations of anxiety disorders Describe nursing care and treatment modalities for anxiety disorders

3 Anxiety Disorders Stress and anxiety can be associated with both positive and negative situations

4 Anxiety Disorders Eustress: stress associated with positive experiences. Stressor: any person or situation that produces anxiety. What is stressful to one person might be relaxing to another.

5 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is: A feeling of uneasiness or apprehension
A response to extreme or prolonged periods of stress An uncomfortable feeling of dread

6 Anxiety may be influenced by one’s culture:
Anxiety Disorders Anxiety may be influenced by one’s culture: Some believe that personal problems should be kept to themselves Others believe it is therapeutic to acknowledge and discuss stress Machoism

7 Anxiety Disorders Free-floating anxiety: a gut feeling that something bad may happen; feeling of impending doom. Stressor is not clear. Signal anxiety: A clear & known stressor causes stress & anxiety

8 Anxiety Disorders In Children & Teenagers
Stress & Anxiety Indicators: Withdrawal from friends and usual activities Changes in eating habits Changes in sleeping patterns Decline in school performance

9 Anxiety Disorders In Children & Teenagers
More than 50% of juveniles who are offenders of the law &/or are incarcerated also have a mental illness that is associated with anxiety and substance abuse.

10 Anxiety Disorders Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior Id: primitive drives, pleasure principle; i.e.: hunger, sex Ego: Rational & reasonable; buffer between the outside world & the id Superego: Conscious distinctions between right & wrong.

11 Anxiety Disorders Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Anxiety is caused by conflict between the id and the superego.

12 Anxiety Disorders Sympathetic Nervous System Responses
Initiates the “fight or flight response” Epinephrine & norepinephrine are released. ↑ BP, ↑pulse, pupil dilation

13 Anxiety Disorders Effects of chronic or uncompensated stress
Review Table 11-1 (p. 188)

14 Anxiety Disorders Effects of chronic or uncompensated stress
Individuals with stress/anxiety are 2/3s more likely to develop cold and flu symptoms than those who are not.

15 Anxiety Disorders Suppressed anger also has the same negative effects on general health. Chronic anger is frequently associated with chronic headaches.

16 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Excessive worry or stress that is related to 2 or > things & lasts > 6 months. Must show 6 or > symptoms of anxiety

17 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms: Nausea, dry mouth, muscle aches, restlessness, shakes, fatigue, polyuria, chills, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, difficulty swallowing

18 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Nursing Actions: Calm milieu, open communication, explore causes & effects of anxiety, encourage enjoyed activities, suicide precautions, document behaviors.

19 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Panic Disorder Extreme fear that cannot be controlled. Panic Attack Agoraphobia Diagnosis requires 4 out of 12 DSM symptoms.

20 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Common Symptoms of Panic Disorder Fear, dissociation, nausea, diaphoresis, chest pain, shaking, Increased pulse, unsteadiness Interventions: are the same as those for anxiety disorder

21 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Common Symptoms of Panic Disorder

22 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Phobia Most common anxiety disorder Irrational fear Individuals are aware that it is an irrational fear Estimated that 700 different things cause phobias

23 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Phobia Arachnophobia Ophidiophobia

24 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Phobia Subcategories Agoraphobia: fear of being in open spaces. Social phobia: fear humiliation in social situations Simple phobia: fear of a specific thing (i.e.: claustrophobia, hematophobia, acrophobia)

25 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

26 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): 2 Parts Obsession: repetitive thought, urge, or emotion Compulsion: repetitive act that may appear purposeful Behaviors are ritualistic and occur to reduce anxiety Unable to stop the thought or action.

27 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder The thought or action is a substitute for the source of anxiety. Individuals with this disorder tend to be rule-oriented and perfectionistic

28 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder If the individual is prevented from performing the act, the anxiety converts into somatic symptoms.

29 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Develops in response to a emotional or physical trauma that could not be controlled.

30 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Common Causes Solders in war Rape victims Witnessed suffering Experienced the effects of violent acts or storms

31 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder World Trade Center

32 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Survivor Guilt Guilt experienced by survivors of a traumatic event.

33 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms May appear immediately or be repressed for years. Flashbacks: reliving or acting out the traumatic event. Social Withdrawal Low self-esteem

34 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms (continued) Changes in relationships & difficulty forming new relationships Irritability and outbursts of anger with seemingly no obvious reason Depression Chemical dependency: self-medicating

35 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Types
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Nursing Interventions Communication & listening skills Develop a working rapport First step is important: encourage the patient to express thoughts & feelings about the traumatic event Help to identify the source Validate the patient’s feelings

36 Anxiety Disorders Medical Treatment
Psychopharmacology Antianxiety Medications Benzodiazepines Strong potential for dependency Antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

37 Anxiety Disorders Antianxiety/Anxiolytic Medications
Uses: Treatment of anxiety, stress, mild depression, ETOH withdrawal, muscle relaxation Action: Depress activities of the cerebral cortex (CNS Depressant) Benzodiazepines: largest sub-category of anxiolytics

38 Anxiety Disorders Anixolytics
Benzodiazepines: 1) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) 2) Lorazepam (Ativan) 3) Diazepam (Valium) 4) Alprazolam (Xanax)

39 Anxiety Disorders Benzodiazepines:
Side effects & Precautions: Fatigue, drowsiness, postural hypotension & ataxia Potential for physical & psychological dependence Confusion in the elderly Sleep pattern disturbance Potentiates ETOH and other narcotics

40 Anxiety Disorders Medical Treatment
Psychotherapy Individual treatment Group therapy Systematic desensitization Counseling: concentrate esteem needs & reality

41 Anxiety Disorders Alternative Interventions
Biofeedback Form of behavior modification Promotes relaxation

42 Anxiety Disorders Alternative Interventions
Hypnosis Is a licensed profession Needs to be done routinely to be effective

43 Anxiety Disorders Alternative Interventions
Aromatherapy Essential oils: aid in relaxation

44 Anxiety Disorders Alternative Interventions
Teaching deep breathing and other relaxation techniques provides an avenue for individuals with an opportunity to manage their anxiety independently

45 Anxiety Disorders Nursing Interventions
Maintain a calm milieu Minimizing stimuli helps the individual to focus and find their center. II. Encourage activities: should be of interest, enjoyable, and have meaning to the individual. Should not cause stress. Provide diversion; individual will think about something else.

46 Anxiety Disorders Nursing Interventions
III: Maintain open communication: Encourage individual to verbalize feelings and thoughts. Show respect and encourage reflection to facilitate understanding themselves. Individuals need to feel that they have value. Observe affect & body language: reveal more about thoughts, esteem, attitudes, & feelings.

47 Anxiety Disorders Nursing Interventions
Observe for suicidal thoughts: risk of suicide results from feelings of decreased self-worth and low self-esteem. Any statements made in relation to suicide need to be reported. Ask if they have a plan. Document changes in behavior: i.e.: they ways in which the individual responds to the nurse, to other people, to treatments, or in interactions.

48 Anxiety Disorders Concluding Statements
Trust & communication techniques are important skills for the nurse. Interventions that facilitate a calm milieu are also important. Therapies and psychopharmacology should be individualized to the individual.

49 Anxiety Disorders Closure
Table 11-2 (p. 194): Review common anxiety disorders Test Questions (p ) What is a therapeutic Milieu? (p. 126: lets read together)


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