ENZYME ACTIVITY “How do enzymes work?” (NEXT SLIDE)

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ENZYME REVIEW What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? CARBOHYDRATE
Answer Question 1! ENZYME REVIEW What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN LIPID NUCLEIC ACID

ENZYME REVIEW TRY AGAIN What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
CARBOHYDRATE TRY AGAIN PROTEIN LIPID NUCLEIC ACID

ENZYME REVIEW RIGHT!! What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
CARBOHYDRATE RIGHT!! PROTEIN LIPID NUCLEIC ACID

What do enzymes do? Very Many Not Many
Answer Question 2! What do enzymes do? Enzymes are special types of proteins. There are many different enzymes in your body. Enzymes perform a variety of different functions; they are the “machines” of your cells. Two of the functions of enzymes are digestion of food and to repairing different parts of the cell. How many types of enzymes do you think are there in your body? Very Many Not Many

What do enzymes do? Very Many Very Few
Answer Question 2! What do enzymes do? Enzymes are special types of proteins. There are many different enzymes in your body. Enzymes perform a variety of different functions; they are the “machines” of your cells. Two of the functions of enzymes are digestion of food and to repairing different parts of the cell. How many types of enzymes do you think are there in your body? Very Many Very Few

NOPE, TRY AGAIN

Answer Question 3! AMYLASE Amylase is an enzyme that is found in your saliva. Its function is to begin the break down of starch in your food. Click on the body part where you would find the amylase enzyme.

AMYLASE Amylase is an enzyme that is found in your saliva. Its function is to begin the break down of starch in your food. Click on the body part where you would find the amylase enzyme.

RIGHT!!

Enzymes are specific for their targets.
Every enzyme (including amylase) is specific and will react with or act on a specific molecule. Amylase reacts only with starch. It will not react with any other molecule. This is because only certain molecules fit into a given enzyme.

Click on the macromolecule that will fit into the red part of the amylase enzyme
STARCH PROTEIN LIPID AMYLASE Enzyme

It doesn’t look like the protein molecule fits!
STARCH Try again.. PROTEIN LIPID AMYLASE Enzyme

It doesn’t look like the protein molecule fits!
STARCH PROTEIN LIPID AMYLASE Try again.. Enzyme

RIGHT!! PROTEIN STARCH LIPID AMYLASE Enzyme

STARCH What type of nutrient is STARCH? CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN LIPID
NUCLEIC ACID

STARCH TRY AGAIN What type of nutrient is STARCH? CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN
LIPID NUCLEIC ACID

STARCH RIGHT!! What type of nutrient is STARCH? CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN
LIPID NUCLEIC ACID

STARCH In the lab, we can test for nutrients in different foods.
Answer Question 4! STARCH In the lab, we can test for nutrients in different foods. We can test for STARCH using iodine. If STARCH is present, the iodine solution will turn blue-black. Next Slide

Test this solution for iodine:
Click the beaker to add 3 drops of iodine to the solution to see if it contains starch:

So… is there starch in the solution?
YES!! NO!!

TRY AGAIN So… is there starch in the solution? YES!! NO!!

YES!! NO!! RIGHT!! So, is there a carbohydrate in the solution?
The starch reacted with the iodine to produce the blue- black color. So, is there a carbohydrate in the solution? YES!! NO!!

TRY AGAIN So, is there a carbohydrate in the solution? YES!! NO!!

STARCH is a carbohydrate!
RIGHT!! STARCH is a carbohydrate!

BACK TO AMYLASE Let’s do an experiment. Let’s test the effect of amylase on starch. The two beakers below contain starch. Click on the beaker on the left to add amylase enzyme.

BACK TO AMYLASE In reality, enzyme molecules are microscopic (too small to see). In this simulation, green stars will represent the amylase enzyme. Click on each beaker to add iodine.

BACK TO AMYLASE When you add iodine to the beaker with the amylase, it does not turn blue-black. It turns yellow (the color of the iodine). Click on the other beaker to add iodine.

Which solution contains starch?
Click on the beaker that CONTAINS starch.

BACK TO AMYLASE NO. Starch is in the beaker that turned blue-black. The iodine reacted with the starch to produce the blue-black color.

RIGHT!! Why doesn’t the left-hand beaker contain starch?
Iodine doesn’t react with amylase. Amylase broke down the starch, so there is none left to react with the iodine.

TRY AGAIN NOPE: amylase doesn’t affect iodine.
Iodine doesn’t react with amylase Amylase broke down the starch, so there is none left to react with the iodine

RIGHT!!

Where does the starch go?
Ok, so amylase breaks down starch. Once starch is broken down, iodine cannot detect it. But, what happens to the starch? Click on the beaker to perform a different test.

Let’s do the test for sugar. If the glucose test strip turns green or brown, sugar is present in the solution. Click either of the strips next to the beakers to see the results.

Click on the beaker that contains SUGAR.

NOPE, no sugar in that one. Remember, if the test strip turns brown or green, sugar is present.

RIGHT!!

Answer Question 5! THE REACTION AMYLASE breaks down STARCH into its subunits, which are simple sugars. SUGAR STARCH AMYLASE

STARCH is called the SUBSTRATE SUGAR is called the PRODUCT
Answer Question 6! SUGAR STARCH AMYLASE In this reaction, STARCH is called the SUBSTRATE SUGAR is called the PRODUCT The ENZYME AMYLASE is called the CATALYST

Enzyme Reactions - Substrate
This means that a SUBSTRATE is: The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION or make a selection above.

TRY AGAIN This means that a SUBSTRATE is:
The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION or make a selection above.

RIGHT!!

Enzyme Reactions - Product
This means that a PRODUCT is: The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION

TRY AGAIN This means that a PRODUCT is:
The thing that gets broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION

TRY AGAIN This means that a PRODUCT is:
The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION

RIGHT!!

Enzyme Reactions - Catalyst
This means that a CATALYST is: The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION or make a selection above.

TRY AGAIN This means that a CATALYST is:
The molecule that is broken down The molecule that you end up with The molecule that performs a reaction, but is not used up GO BACK TO REACTION or make a selection above.

RIGHT!!

In this reaction, the PROTEIN is the…
AMINO ACIDS PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE CATALYST

TRY AGAIN PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE CATALYST

PROTEASE is the… AMINO ACIDS PROTEIN PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE
CATALYST

TRY AGAIN AMINO ACIDS PROTEIN PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE SUBSTRATE
CATALYST

AMINO ACIDS are the… AMINO ACIDS PROTEIN PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE
CATALYST CATALYST

TRY AGAIN AMINO ACIDS PROTEIN PROTEASE PRODUCT SUBSTRATE SUBSTRATE
CATALYST CATALYST

Way to go!!

ENZYME NAMES AMYLASE (am-ill-ace) PROTEASE (pro-tee-ace) YES, I DID
Did you notice something about the names of the two enzymes? AMYLASE (am-ill-ace) PROTEASE (pro-tee-ace) YES, I DID NO, I DIDN’T

Answer Question 7! ENZYME NAMES Good! You probably noticed that both names end in -ASE. Enzyme names usually end in -ASE. They are very often named after the substrate they break down. AMYLASE PROTEINASE

Answer Question 7! ENZYME NAMES Look closely! You probably noticed that both names end in -ASE. Enzyme names usually end in -ASE. They are very often named after the substrate they break down. AMYLASE PROTEINASE

DID YOU UNDERSTAND? LIPASE is probably: An enzyme that breaks
down lipids An enzyme that repairs cells A sugar that is found In lipids A type of lipid

NOPE! TRY AGAIN HINT: Look for a word in one of the answers that
resembles the name of the enzyme. (Remember, enzymes react with a substrate).

RIGHT!!

Think about this… During a reaction, what do you think happens to the amount of SUBSTRATE as time goes on? SUGAR STARCH AMYLASE

We can test it using our starch test (iodine)
Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec

Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec Lots of starch is still left after 0 seconds.

Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec Some starch is left after 20 seconds. Amylase has broken down some of thestarch into sugar

Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec Very little starch is left after 40 seconds. Amylase has broken down almost all of the starch into sugar.

Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec No starch is left after 60 seconds. Amylase has broken down all of the starch into sugar. The yellow color is from the iodine.

Each beaker contains starch. Amylase enzyme was added at 0 seconds. Click on each beaker below to add the iodine. 0 sec 20 sec 40 sec 60 sec 120 sec No change between 60 and 120 seconds. Amylase already broke down all of the starch into sugar.

We can show this change in substrate concentration as a graph…
Which variable should be placed the X-axis? Amount of substrate TIME (in seconds)

We can show this as a graph
NO. The time variable is usually placed on the X-axis. What should go on the X-axis? Amount of substrate TIME (in seconds)

Amount of enzyme What should go on the Y-axis? (HINT: This is what we are MEASURING) Amount of substrate RIGHT! Time usually goes on the X-axis 20 40 60 120 Time (in seconds)

Amount of enzyme What should go on the Y-axis? (HINT: This is what we are MEASURING) NO. Remember: We are trying to graph the amount of substrate over time. Amount of substrate 20 40 60 120 Time (in seconds)

RIGHT!! The amount of substrate should go on the Y axis. Amount of substrate REMEMBER!! STARCH is the SUBSTRATE. A blue-black color means that there is MORE STARCH. The concentration of SUBSTRATE increases up the Y axis. 20 40 60 120 Time (in seconds)

Let’s GRAPH!! Amount of substrate 20 40 60 120 Time (in seconds)

Answer Question 8! SUMMARIZE THE GRAPH As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch)…. INCREASED DECREASED

As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch)
TRY AGAIN As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch) INCREASED DECREASED

SUMMARIZE THE GRAPH As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch) DECREASED because Starch was broken down by amylase Iodine made starch turn into sugar

As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch) DECREASED because
TRY AGAIN As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch) DECREASED because Starch was broken down by amylase Iodine made starch turn into sugar

SUMMARIZE THE GRAPH As time goes on, the amount of SUBSTRATE (starch) DECREASED because the enzyme, amylase, broke down the starch into sugar.

Which of these graphs shows that the amount of substrate decreases faster?
(Click on a graph) Graph A Graph B Substrate Substrate Time (sec) Time (sec)

TRY AGAIN No. Note that in Graph A, all of the substrate is used up in less time. Graph A Graph B Substrate Substrate Time (sec) Time (sec)

RIGHT!! YES. Note that in the Graph A, all of the substrate is used up in less time. Graph A Graph B Substrate Substrate Time (sec) Time (sec)

So… Which enzyme works FASTER? Substrate Substrate Time (sec)
Graph A Graph B Substrate Substrate Time (sec) Time (sec)

TRY AGAIN Nope, not this one. The faster the enzyme works, the faster the substrate will decrease. Graph A Graph B Time (sec) Substrate Substrate Time (sec)

Answer Question 9! RIGHT!! YES!! We can tell that the Graph A enzyme works faster because the substrate decreases faster!! Graph A Graph B Time (sec) Substrate Substrate Time (sec)

Look at the reactions in the beakers and the graphs
Look at the reactions in the beakers and the graphs. The top set of beakers are best illustrated by which graph? Graph C Substrate Time (sec) Graph D Substrate Time (sec)

NO. The reaction in the top set of beakers took LONGER to finish
Graph C Substrate Time (sec) Graph D Substrate Time (sec)

RIGHT!! The reaction in the top set of beakers occurred more slowly than the reaction in the bottom set. Graph C Substrate Time (sec) Graph D Substrate Time (sec)

So, we may say that one of the enzymes worked faster than the other
So, we may say that one of the enzymes worked faster than the other. In which set of beakers did the enzymes work faster? Graph C Substrate Time (sec) Graph D Substrate Time (sec)

Which of the ENZYMES worked FASTER
Which of the ENZYMES worked FASTER? Nope, this reaction took longer to finish, so this enzyme worked more slowly. Time (sec) Substrate Substrate Time (sec)

RIGHT!! This reaction ended SOONER, thus the enzyme worked FASTER.
Substrate Time (sec) What might be the difference between the top and bottom sets of beakers?

What do you think can affect the speed or reaction rate of an enzyme?
TEMPERATURE pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

TEMPERATURE RIGHT!! Changing the pH of the reaction can affect the speed of an enzyme. ANYTHING ELSE? pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

Answer Question 10! What do you think can affect the speed or reaction rate of an enzyme? TEMPERATURE RIGHT!! Changing the temperature of the reaction can ALSO affect the speed of an enzyme. pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

TEMPERATURE RIGHT!! Changing the temperature of the reaction can affect the speed of an enzyme. ANYTHING ELSE? pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

TEMPERATURE RIGHT!! Changing the pH of the reaction can ALSO affect the speed of an enzyme. pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

TEMPERATURE Sorry, most enzymes are NOT affected by the amount of light… Pick again pH AMOUNT OF LIGHT

Factors affecting enzyme reaction rate…
Answer Question 11! We can make a graph of enzyme speed at different temperatures. However, from now on we will refer to “enzyme speed” as reaction rate or rate of enzyme activity.

Let’s GRAPH!! FAST Amylase is found in saliva. Click on the red button that is approximately at body temperature Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

TRY AGAIN Amylase is found in saliva. 5C is close to freezing.
FAST Amylase is found in saliva. 5C is close to freezing. TOO COLD!! Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

TRY AGAIN Amylase is found in saliva.
FAST Amylase is found in saliva. 22C is close to room temperature. TOO COLD!! Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

TRY AGAIN Amylase is found in saliva. 55C is 131F. TOO HOT!! FAST
Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

Let’s GRAPH!! Amylase is found in saliva. 37C is body temperature.
FAST Amylase is found in saliva. 37C is body temperature. RIGHT!! Amylase will work best at about 37C because it is normally found in your mouth Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

Let’s GRAPH!! Amylase works slowly at low temperatures. FAST SLOW 10
Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

Let’s GRAPH!! Amylase will work faster as the temperature gets
closer to human body temperature, 37°C. Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

Let’s GRAPH!! Amylase will work fastest at body Temperature. FAST
Rate of Enzyme Activity The temperature where Amylase works BEST is called the OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

Let’s GRAPH!! FAST SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)
As the temperature increases above 37ºC, Amylase works less and less efficiently. Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE for amylase.
Let’s GRAPH!! Click on the OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE for amylase. FAST Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE for amylase.
Let’s GRAPH!! Click on the OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE for amylase. FAST Rate of Enzyme Activity RIGHT!! SLOW 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (C)

What is the optimum temperature for this enzyme?
Temperature (C) 20 50 60 10 40 30 Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW FAST 10C 20C 30C

Remember, the enzyme works fastest at its
TRY AGAIN Temperature (C) 20 50 60 10 40 30 Rate of Enzyme Activity SLOW FAST Remember, the enzyme works fastest at its optimum temperature. 10C 20C 30C

RIGHT!!

What is the optimum pH for this enzyme?
FAST 9 Rate of Enzyme Activity 10 11 SLOW 2 4 6 8 10 12 pH

9 10 11 TRY AGAIN Look closely… FAST SLOW 2 4 6 8 10 12 pH
Rate of Enzyme Activity 10 11 SLOW 2 4 6 8 10 12 pH

RIGHT!!

What is the optimum temperature for this enzyme?
FAST 20C Rate of Enzyme Activity 63C 48C SLOW 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature (C)

20C 63C 48C TRY AGAIN FAST SLOW 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Rate of Enzyme Activity 63C 48C SLOW 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature (C)

RIGHT!! Right!! You rock at this...

At what temperature does this enzyme work best?
Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 25°C Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 30°C Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 35°C At 25C At 30C At 35C

REMEMBER: The faster the amount of substrate decreases, the faster the enzyme is working.
Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 25°C Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 30°C Time Substrate Rate of Enzyme activity at 35°C At 25C At 30C At 35C

RIGHT!! Congratulations, you have completed the Enzyme Activity. Time for a quick self-quiz!

QUIZ - QUESTION 1 SALIVA LIVER STOMACH
Where in your body is the amylase enzyme found? SALIVA LIVER STOMACH

TRY AGAIN SALIVA LIVER STOMACH
Where in your body is the amylase enzyme found? SALIVA LIVER STOMACH

RIGHT!!

QUIZ - QUESTION 2 Click on the CATALYST in this reaction: SUGAR STARCH
AMYLASE

TRY AGAIN REMEMBER: The catalyst performs the reaction, but is not used up SUGAR STARCH AMYLASE

RIGHT!!

QUIZ - QUESTION 3 Click on the substrate that is most likely to react with the enzyme below: Substrate A Substrate B Substrate C Enzyme

TRY AGAIN REMEMBER: The enzyme that fits the shape of the substrate will be the one that reacts with it. Substrate A Substrate B Substrate C Enzyme

RIGHT!! Substrate B Enzyme

QUIZ - QUESTION 4 Which of these is most likely the name of an enzyme that reacts with a protein molecule? PROTEOSE PROTEINATION PROTOZOA PROTEASE

TRY AGAIN NO: Sugars end in -OSE, (sucrose, lactose, glucose). By the way, “Proteose” is not a real sugar! PROTEOSE PROTEINATION PROTOZOA PROTEASE

TRY AGAIN NOPE: think about “lactase” and “amylase” PROTEOSE
PROTEINATION PROTOZOA PROTEASE

RIGHT!! PROTEASE

QUIZ - QUESTION 5 Click on the part of the graph that shows the OPTIMAL temperature for this enzyme Enzyme Activity Temperature (C)

TRY AGAIN REMEMBER: the optimal temperature for an enzyme is the temperature at which the enzyme works best (has highest rate of activity). Enzyme Activity Temperature (C)

RIGHT!!

QUIZ - QUESTION 6 Click on the graph that shows the optimum pH for this enzyme. pH = 5.0 pH = 7.0 pH = 3.0 Substrate Substrate Substrate Time Time Time

TRY AGAIN REMEMBER: Substrate decreases faster as the enzyme works faster. pH = 5.0 pH = 7.0 pH = 3.0 Substrate Substrate Substrate Time Time Time

RIGHT!!

You have successfully completed the Enzyme Activity!
CONGRATULATIONS!

ENZYME ACTIVITY “How do enzymes work?” (NEXT SLIDE)

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ENZYME ACTIVITY “How do enzymes work?” (NEXT SLIDE)

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