1. World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 20
Eurasia,

2. Objectives
Understand the roles of the Jesuits and the East India Companies in the development of cultural exchange and trade between Europe and Eastern Eurasia.
Be able to use the concept of “land-based empires” to analyze the territorial expansion, the economic and political structures, and the foreign relations of the Russian and Qing empires.
Be able to describe the causes and symptoms of the decline of the Qing state in the eighteenth century.
Be able to describe the Tokugawa political system and explain why and how the decentralized political structure contributed simultaneously to economic growth and the weakening of the Tokugawa state.

3. Eastern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Land–Based Empires Eurasian Patterns
no central rule
weakening of overland trade
advent of seaborne trade
Land–Based Empires
Ottoman, Mughal, Russian, Ming
emphasis on agriculture
forced labor, serfdom
political centralization
disadvantage to sea-based
European Influence
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
missionaries
Matteo Ricci ( )
European technology

4. The Russian Empire Muscovite Princes Russian Culture Moscow
Ivan IV – 1547
tsar
removal of Golden Horde
“Time of Troubles”
Sweden, Poland, Ottomans
replacement of Princes
Mikhail Romanov
boyar
consolidation and competition
Russian Culture
Slavic (Russian) and Turkic
Cossacks
Turkic word – ‘warrior’
Turks, E. Europeans, Mongols
defended western frontier

5. The Russian Empire Peter the Great – 1689-1725 Eastern Push
Black Sea port, Christianity
‘Great Northern War’ –
Baltic Sea access
European recognition
St. Petersburg – 1712
“window on the West”
strengthen state / autocracy
Political autocracy
boyars, church, peasants
serfdom
Eastern Push
less threat in west
Mongolia / Siberia / Pacific
fur trade
natural resources
timber, precious metals

6. Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Late Ming - 1500-1644 Strengths
silk, furniture, porcelain
Portuguese and Dutch
tributary status
vast population (100M)
Weaknesses
climate change
famine and disease
external pressure
Mongolia
Manchus
Japan in Korea
‘silver’ inflation
uprisings
1644 rebellion

7. Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Qing Empire - 1644-1783
Manchus
minority rule
Taiwan, C. Asia (Tibet)
Kangxi
Russian struggles
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Amur River border
Mongolia
Jesuit influence s
Confucian ancestor worship
two-way influence
variolation
Qianlong

8. Amur River

9. Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 European Thirst Chinese Trade
Luxury items
tea, silk, porcelain, wallpaper
political philosophy
benevolent despots
limitless profit potential
EIC
Chinese Trade
imperial control
taxation; limit piracy
kowtow (VOC)
“the Canton system”
Portugal, Holland, England
Macartney mission
open trade with G. Britain
negative European reaction

10. Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Qing Stresses
rising population
400M by 1700
stagnant agriculture
deforestation
erosion
Grand Canal
localized misery
migration
failure to adapt to changes
local elites
corruption
shrinking revenues
land-based empires
maintenance costs

11. Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Shogunates - 1200-1500
little centralized rule
Tokugawa Shogunate
relative peace
land grants for support
daimyo
rice
samurai
emperor as figurehead
Edo to Kyoto traffic
urban centers for trade
Shogun responses
economic well being
merchants
control prices

12. Outer Lords (Daimyos)

13. Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Merchant Class Isolation rise in wealth
alliances with daimyo
key to industrial transformation
Isolation
Jesuits
mixed response
few converts (farmers)
peasant revolts
Christian blame
closing of country
prevent outside influences
“Dutch studies”
Effect
ignored by some daimyos
‘outer’ lords

14. Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Instability Shogunate Power
‘outer’ lord sea trade
population growth
increasing rice prices
samurai economic decline
debt to merchants
Shogunate Power
rested on daimyo / samurai health
traditional land-based response
Confucian ideals
decentralized government
little economic control
Military to Civil Society
“Forty-seven Ronin”