1. Artificial Intelligence By: David Hunt Lee Evans Jonathan Moreton Rachel Moss

2. Introduction What is AI? Theory behind AI The development of AI How AI is being used in the identification of individuals Current Issues Conclusion

3. What is AI? 2 main branches of AI research: Biological Phenomenal Type of AI Logical Search Pattern Recognition

4. What Makes AI Intelligent? Intelligence is the ability to achieve goals in the world Written in specialist programming languages

5. AI In Life And Business Computer games, Expert systems, Speech recognition Deep Blue Widely used in businesses to organize operations

6. Interoperation of data Intelligence is about the interpretation of data Turing test thought of in 1950 Humans remember mental images, machines raw data

7. AI vs Humans AI – Very precise, can cope with high amounts of data, needs vast amount of hardware power to achieve worthwhile goals Human – Can react to a situation quickly and (usually) efficiently, highly advanced hardware capabilities, highly adaptable and self sufficient

8. Theoretical concepts behind AI Computers are unable to recognise shapes and recall them like the human mind.

9. The human mind uses neurons as the basic unit of memory, and can explain the human minds ability to recall and recognise people for example. Neural networks have developed as a result of research into the human neuron. A neural network draws from and emulates the structure of the brain in terms of neurons. These draw from and emulate the structure of the brain in terms of neurons. The networks are made to ‘learn’ from training sessions and repeat what has been learnt when given new data.

10. The Artificial Neuron The Artificial Neuron receives one or more inputs and sum them to produce an output. The original artificial neuron is the Threshold Logic Unit, it is a step function taking on the values 1 or 0 only, as required by microprocessor technology.

11. How AI has developed

12. Key Developments in AI 1950  Alan Turing introduces the Turing test to test of a machine’s capability to perform human-like conversation. 1958  John McCarthy invented the Lisp programming language. 1972  The Prolog programming langauge was developed by Alan Golmeraver. 1974  The first expert system was developed for medical diagnosis and therapy. 1997  The Deep Blue Chess program beats world chess champion.

13. Recent Developments After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks there has been much interest and funding for threat-detection. AI systems have potential in this area and why they are being used in the identification of individuals.

14. How AI is being used in the identification of Individuals Fingerprint recognition – algorithms to identify and match minutiae (ridge characteristics to stored images. Facial recognition – algorithms to find and measure the 14-22 nodal points needed for facial recognition. Speech recognition – algorithms to match your speech to recorded data allowing it to understand and convert it to data. e.g. text

15. How AI is being used in the identification of Individuals – Fingerprint Recognition The minutiae are extracted from the image and post processed to be easier identify. The ridges are then thinned and then the minutiae are detected. These are then matched to a database.

16. In Conclusion… The field of AI has developed in a short period of time. These developments are being used in the “War on Terror.”

17. Any Questions?