SD IO Interface World Real Time Clock / Alarm with C-LCM

SD IO Interface World Real Time Clock / Alarm with C-LCM

SD / SDIO Card

SD Card Introduction SD Card，全名Security Digital Card，是小型記憶卡的一種，它被廣泛地於攜帶型裝置上使用，是由日本松下（Panasonic）公司、東芝（TOSHIBA）公司與美國San Disk公司共同開發研製的。 SD卡可以看作是由MMC卡衍生出來的。SD卡投影面積與MMC卡相同，只是略微厚一點，但是SD卡的容量大得多，且讀寫速度也比MMC卡快 4倍。同時，SD卡的介面與MMC卡是相容的，支援SD卡的介面大多支援MMC卡。在2006年，SD卡容量有 8、16、32、64、128、256、512 MB，或 1、2 、4、6、8 GB。

SD Card Introduction 用戶可以使用一個USB的讀卡器，在個人電腦上使用SD卡。某些新型電腦上已經內置了讀卡裝置。
最新的發展是SD內建了USB插口，省略了讀卡器。San Disk的設計是使用一個可摺疊的護套來保護USB插口。

SD Card Application SD卡多應用於 MP3隨身聽數位相機：儲存相片及短片數位攝影機：儲存相片及短片
個人數位助理（PDA）：儲存各類資料手機：儲存相片、鈴聲、音樂、短片等資料

SDIO Card Introduction
SDIO，意即Secure Digital Input/Output，所謂「支援SDIO」的機種，其SD擴充槽除了能使用SD記憶卡外，也可支援SD介面的輸出入設備，例如無線網路卡、藍芽卡、GPS接收器、數位相機卡、FM廣播卡、電視接收器、數據機、指紋辨識器等。

SDIO Card Introduction
比起使用USB插槽，使用SDIO卡耗電量低，並且適用於各種行動式的平台。同樣是數位裝置，支援SDIO的機種只要插入SDIO擴充卡，就能增加各種不同的功能，例如 NB搭配無線網卡以及PDA搭配 GPS接收器，就是目前極受使用者青睞的實用方案。

Technology Explanation
所有SD和SDIO卡都必須支援較老的SPI/MMC模式。這個模式支援慢速的四線序列介面（時鐘、序列輸入，序列輸出，晶片選擇），相容於序列終端介面（SPI）和許多微控制器。 SD卡共支援三種傳輸模式： - SPI模式（獨立序列輸入和序列輸出）， - 1位元SD模式（獨立指令和資料通道，獨有的傳輸格式） - 4位元SD模式（使用額外的針腳以及某些重新設置的針腳。支持四位寬的平行傳輸）。

Technology Explanation
大部分數位相機，數位音頻播放器和其他便攜設備僅能使用MMC模式。有關這一模式的詳細文檔可以從MMCA購買，價格是500美元。但是部分有關SDIO的文檔是免費的。有些還可以從存儲卡廠商處獲得。 MMC模式不支持SD卡的加密特性。從免費的文檔裏也找不到這些細節。但對於大多數消費者來講，這無關痛癢，用戶制式用來儲存不受保護的數據。

Other MMC / SD Card SD Card 不是Secure Digital Card Association（安全數字卡聯盟）批准的唯一一種記憶卡。其他批准的格式包括miniSD、 microSD（在聯盟未通過標準前稱為TransFlash）和SDHC。這些更小的卡加上一個適配器也能用在全尺寸的 MMC/SD/SDIO 插槽上。要知道開發出SD尺寸的輸入輸出設備標準已經很難了，再想開發更小尺寸的簡直就不太現實了。

Other MMC / SD Card SD插槽支持MMC卡，更小尺寸的MMC卡變種也能相容於支援SD卡的設備。與miniSD 和 microSD不同的是， RS-MMC 插槽可以相容全尺寸的MMC卡。因為 RS-MMC卡只是縮短了的MMC卡。因應SD卡的標準容量上限只有4GB，不足以應付日益上升的容量需求，聯盟制定了新的SDHC標準。SDHC卡的外型跟普通的SD卡完全相同，而容量的下限為4GB，預料年內可推出高達32GB的SDHC卡。

Standard 與其它存儲卡格式一樣，SD卡也有眾多的專利和註冊商標保護，授權只能由安全數字卡聯盟進行。安全數字卡聯盟現在的授權協議並不允許開放原始碼的SD驅動程序，這種狀況產生了很多關於開放原始碼和免費軟件的爭論。通行的做法是開發一個開放原始碼的外殼，但核心是針對特定平臺的封閉原始碼SD驅動程序，這種做法與期望的開放標準差異太大。另一種通行的做法是採用較老的MMC模式，因為根據SD卡標準，所有的SD卡都必須支持MMC模式。這說明SD卡的開放度比CF卡或閃存低，上述兩種格式幾乎免費，僅需要使用聯盟標誌和註冊商標的授權費。但比xD卡或記憶棒的開放度高得多，這兩種格式根本不提供公開文件支援。

Comparison With Other Memory Card
類型 MMC RS-MMC MMCPlus SecureMMC SD SDIO miniSD microSD SD插槽是機械適配器電子-機械適配器 PIN 7 13 9 11 8 外形規格薄薄/短厚窄/短/薄窄/短/超薄 SPI模式可選支持 1 BIT 4bit module 否 ? 8bit module Support DRM* N/A *DRM：數位著作權管理

State Diagram

Card Initialization

SD Memory Card Functional Description
Command

Command Types Four kinds of commands defined to control the SD Memory Card: Broadcast commands (bc), no response - The broadcast feature is only if all the CMD lines are connected together in the host. If they are separated, then each card will accept it separately in its turn. Broadcast commands with response (bcr) response from all cards simultaneously - Since there is no Open Drain mode in SD Memory Card, this type of command shall be used only if all the CMD lines are separated - the command will be accepted and responded by every card separately. Addressed (point-to-point) commands (ac) no data transfer on DAT Addressed (point-to-point) data transfer commands (adtc) data transfer on DAT

Command Types All commands have a fixed code length of 48 bits

Command Format A command always starts with a start bit (always 0), followed by the bit indicating the direction of transmission (host = 1). The next 6 bits indicate the index of the command, this value being interpreted as a binary coded number (between 0 and 63). Some commands need an argument (e.g. an address), which is coded by 32 bits.

Command Format A value denoted by ‘x’ in the table above indicates this variable is dependent on the command. All commands are protected by a CRC Every command codeword is terminated by the end bit (always 1). All commands and their arguments are listed in Table 4-18-Table 4-27.(Reference: SD Spec. p.49)

SD Memory Card Functional Description
Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC)

CRC7 The CRC7 check is used for all commands, for all responses except type R3, and for the CSD and CID registers. The CRC7 is a 7-bit value and is computed as follows: Generator polynomial: G(x) = x7 + x3 + 1. M(x) = (first bit) * xn + (second bit) * xn (last bit) * x0 CRC[6...0] = Remainder [(M(x) * x7)/G(x)] The first bit is the most left bit of the corresponding bit string (of the command, response, CID or CSD). The degree n of the polynomial is the number of CRC protected bits decreased by one. The number of bits to be protected is 40 for commands and responses (n = 39), and 120 for the CSD and CID (n = 119).

CRC7 CRC7 Examples The CRC section of the command/response is bolded.

SPI Mode Transaction Packets －Command Tokens

Command Format All the SD Memory Card commands are 6 bytes long. The command transmission always starts with the left most bit of the bit string corresponding to the command codeword.

Command Format All commands are protected by a CRC
The commands and arguments are listed in Table 7-3. (Reference: SD Spec. p.102)

SD Memory commands and the equivalent SDIO commands
CMD0 SDIO Command CMD52 (write to I/O reset in CCCR) Comment The reset command (CMD0) is only used for memory or the memory portion of Combo cards. In order to reset an I/O only card or the I/O portion of a combo card, use CMD52 to write a 1 to the RES bit in the CCCR (bit 3 of register 6). Note that in the SD mode, CMD0 is only used to indicate entry into SPI mode and shall be supported. An I/O only card or the I/O portion of a combo card is not reset with CMD0

Reset for SDIO(CMD0) In order to reset all functions within an SDIO card or the SDIO portion of a combo card, a method different than that used for SD memory is defined. The reset command (CMD0) is only used for memory or the memory portion of Combo cards. In order to reset an I/O only card or the I/O portion of a combo card, use CMD52 to write a 1 to the RES bit in the CCCR (bit 3 of register 6). Note that in the SD mode, CMD0 is only used to indicate entry into SPI mode and shall be supported. An I/O only card or the I/O portion of a combo card is not reset by CMD0

SPI Mode Transaction Packets

Command and Argument (SPI bus commands) (SD Memory Card)
Command Index CMD0 SPI Mode Yes Argument [31:0] stuff bits Response R1 Abbreviation GO_IDLE_STATE Command Description Resets the SD Memory Card Example: the content of the command index field is (binary) ‘000000’ for CMD0

CMD 0 Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:8] [7:1] Width (bits) 1 6 32 7
Width (bits) 1 6 32 7 Value ‘0’ ‘1’ ‘000000’ ignore X Description Start bit Transmission bit Command index Stuff bits CRC7 End bit

Format of Response R1 This response token is sent by the card after every command with the exception of SEND_STATUS commands. It is one byte long, and the MSB is always set to zero. The other bits are error indications, an error being signaled by a 1.

Format of Response R1 The structure of the R1 format is given in Figure 7-9. The meaning of the flags is defined as following:

Format of Response R1 In idle state: The card is in idle state and running the initializing process. Erase reset: An erase sequence was cleared before executing because an out of erase sequence command was received.

Format of Response R1 Illegal command: An illegal command code was detected. Communication CRC error: The CRC check of the last command failed. Erase sequence error: An error in the sequence of erase commands occurred.

Format of Response R1 Address error: A misaligned address that did not match the block length was used in the command. Parameter error: The command’s argument (e.g. address, block length) was outside the allowed range for this card.

SPI Mode Status Bits (In Idle state)
Identifier In Idle state Type S R Value 0 = Card is ready 1 = Card is in idle state Description The card enters the idle state after power up or reset command. It will exit this state and become ready upon completion of its initialization procedures. Clear Condition A

SPI Mode Status Bits (Erase reset)
Identifier Erase reset Type S R Value ’0’= cleared ’1’= set Description An erase sequence was cleared before executing because an out of erase sequence command was Received Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits (Illegal command)
Identifier Illegal command Type E R Value ’0’= no error ’1’= error Description Command not legal for the card state Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits (Com CRC error)
Identifier Com CRC error Type E R Value ’0’= no error ’1’= error Description The CRC check of the command failed. Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits (Erase sequence error)
Identifier Erase sequence error Type E R Value ’0’= no error ’1’= error Description An error in the sequence of erase commands occurred. Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits (Address error)
Identifier Address error Type E R X Value ’0’= no error ’1’= error Description A misaligned address which did not match the block length was used in the command. Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits (Parameter error)
Identifier Parameter error Type E R X Value ’0’= no error ’1’= error Description An error in the parameters of the command. Clear Condition C

SPI Mode Status Bits 1) Type: E: Error bit. S: State bit.
R: Detected and set for the actual command response. X: Detected and set during command execution The host can get the status by issuing a command with R1 response. 2) Clear Condition: A: According to the current state of the card. C: Clear by read

Format of CMD5 The IO_SEND_OP_COND Command contains the following fields: S (start bit) Start bit. Always 0 D (direction) Direction. Always1 indicates transfer from host to card. Command Index Identifies the CMD5 command with a value of b

Format of CMD5 The IO_SEND_OP_COND Command contains the following fields: Stuff Bits Not used, shall be set to 0. I/O OCR Operation Conditions Register. The supported minimum and maximum values for VDD.

Format of CMD5 The IO_SEND_OP_COND Command contains the following fields: CRC7 7 bits of CRC data E (end bit) End bit, always 1

Value of CMD5 Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:32] [31:8] [7:1]
Width(bits) 1 6 8 24 7 Value ‘0’ ‘1’ ‘000101b’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ X Description Start bit Transmission bit Command index Stuff bits I/O OCR CRC7 End bit

Value of CMD5 1*: OCR Values for CMD5 15 2.7 – 2.8 16 2.8 – 2.9 17
I/O OCR bit Position VDD Voltage Window (in Volts) 15 2.7 – 2.8 16 2.8 – 2.9 17 2.9 – 3.0 18 3.0 – 3.1 19 3.1 – 3.2 20 3.2 – 3.3 21 3.3 – 3.4 22 3.4 – 3.5 23 3.5 – 3.6

The IO_SEND_OP_COND Response (R4)
An SDIO card receiving CMD5 shall respond with a SDIO unique response, R4. The format of R4 for both the SD and SPI modes is:

The Response, R4 contains the following data: S (start bit) Start bit. Always 0 D (direction): Direction. Always 0. Indicates transfer from card to host. Reserved: Bits reserved for future use. These bits shall be set to 1.

The Response, R4 contains the following data: C Set to 1 if Card is ready to operate after initialization I/O OCR Operation Conditions Register. The supported minimum and maximum values for VDD. Memory Present Set to 1 if the card also contains SD memory. Set to 0 if the card is I/O only.

The Response, R4 contains the following data: Number of I/O Functions Indicates the total number of I/O functions supported by this card. The range is 0-7. (Note that the common area present on all I/O cards at Function 0 is not included in this count. The I/O functions shall be implemented sequentially beginning at function 1.)

Modified R1: The SPI R1 response byte as described in the SD Physical Specification modified for I/O as follows: Stuff Bits: Not used, shall be set to 0.

Number of I/O functions
Value of R4 (SPI Mode) Bit position [39:32] 31 [30:28] 27 [26:24] [23:0] Width (bits) 8 1 3 24 Value *a ‘0?0???0?’ ‘1’ ‘101’ ‘0’ ‘000’ ‘ ’ Description Modified R1 C Number of I/O functions Memory present Stuff bits I/O OCR

Introduction to CMD8 SEND_IF_COND (CMD8) is used to verify SD Memory Card interface operating condition. The card checks the validity of operating condition by analyzing the argument of CMD8 and the host checks the validity by analyzing the response of CMD8 (See Chapter ).

Send Interface Condition Command (CMD8)
CMD8 (Send Interface Condition Command) is defined to initialize SD Memory Cards compliant to the Physical Specification Version 2.00. CMD8 is valid when the card is in Idle state. This command has two functions. Voltage check: Checks whether the card can operate on the host supply voltage. Enabling expansion of existing command and response: Reviving CMD8 enables to expand new functionality to some existing commands by redefining previously reserved bits.

Format of CMD8 Application Note: It is recommended to use ‘ b’ for the ‘check pattern’.

Basic Command of SD Memory Card bus Commands
Command Index CMD8 Type bcr Argument [31:12]reserved bits [11:8]supply voltage(VHS) [7:0]check pattern Resp R7 Abbreviation SEND_IF_COND Command Description Sends SD Memory Card interface condition, which includes host supply voltage information and asks the card whether card supports voltage. Reserved bits shall be set to '0'.

Card Operation for CMD8 in SPI mode
In SPI mode, the card always returns response. Table 7-5 shows the card operation for CMD8.

Format of Response R7 This response token is sent by the card when a SEND_IF_COND command (CMD8) is received. The response length is 5 bytes. The structure of the first (MSB) byte is identical to response type R1. The other four bytes contain the card operating voltage information and echo back of check pattern in argument and are specified by the same definition as R7 response in SD mode.

R1(assume in idle state)
Value of R7 (CMD8) Bit position [39:32] [31:28] [27:12] [11:8] [7:0] Width (bits) 8 4 16 Value ’01h’ ‘0000’ ‘0000h’ ‘0001b’ ‘ b’ Description R1(assume in idle state) Command version Reserved bits Voltage accepted Check pattern

Format of CMD52 缺 register address (17 bits) Bit position 47 46
[45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16 [15:8] [7:1] Width (bits) 1 6 3 17 8 7 Value ‘0’ ‘1’ ‘110100b’ *a *e *b *c *d x Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit 缺 register address (17 bits)

Value of CMD52 *a: 0 => read data 1 => write data,
data address = specified by the Function Number & the Register Address to the host 1 => write data, to address = I/O location (by the Function Number) & the Register Address

Value of CMD52 *b: *c: 1 => then R/W=1, write then read
0 => read then write *c: This is the address of the byte of data inside of the selected function to read or write.

Value of CMD52 *d: For a direct write command (R/W=1)
this is the byte that is written to the selected address. For a direct read (R/W=0) this field is not used and shall be set to 0.

Value of CMD52 *e: (Our definition) Value Function 功能 ‘001’ Fuction1
設定時間 ‘010’ Function2 切換時區 ‘011’ Function3 設定鬧鐘 ‘100’ Function4 顯示鬧鐘/時間 ‘101’ Function5 關掉鬧鐘

Format of R5(CMD52) Bit position [15:8] [7:0] Width (bits) 8 Value
Description Modified R1 (in ready state) R/W Data ( data been read )

Value of R5(CMD52) *a : The SPI R1 response byte as described in the SD Physical Specification modified for I/O as follows:

Value of R5(CMD52) R/W=1, RAW=1: R/W=1, RAW=0: R/W=0:
The value read from the addressed register. In this case, the read-back data may not be the same as the data written to the register, depending on the design of the hardware. R/W=1, RAW=0: the data in this field shall be identical to the data byte in the write command. R/W=0: the actual value read from that I/O location is returned in this field.

Common I/O Area Structure

Common I/O Area (Function 0)
Card Common Control Register(CCCR) allow quick host checking and enable/disable interrupt/function Function Basic Register(FBR) Each function has 256 bytes area that allow host determine the abilities and requirements of each function Card Information Structure (CIS) Provides more Complete information about the card and each function 主要有三個Register structure Support function 0 --

Card Command Control Register

CCCR Overall Register Map

Address 0X00: SD Revision Bit R/W Represent Value 3 ~ 0 Read only
These 4 bits contain the version of the CCCR and FBR format that this card supports. CCCR/FBR Version 1.00 CCCR/FBR Version 1.10 CCCR/FBR Version 1.20 0011 to Reserved for Future Use 7 ~ 4 Read only These 4 bits contain the version of the SDIO Specification that this card supports. 0000 SDIO Specification Version 1.00 0001 SDIO Specification Version 1.10 0010 SDIO Specification Version 1.20 (unreleased) 0011 SDIO Specification Version 2.00 Reserved for Future Use

Address 0X01: SD Specification Revision
Bit R/W Represent Value 3 ~ 0 Read only These 4 bits contain the version of the SD Physical Specification that this card supports. 0000 SD Physical Specification Version 1.01 (March 2000) 0001 SD Physical Specification Version 1.10 (October 2004) 0010 SD Physical Specification Version 2.00 (May 2006) Reserved for Future Use 7 ~ 4 Reserved for Future Use

Address 0X02: I/O Enable Bit R/W Represent Value
Reserved for Future Use 7 ~ 1 The completion of initialization is indicated in IORx. On power up or after a reset, the card shall reset this bit to 0. The host can also use IOEx as a per function reset for error recovery. The host sequence for a per function reset is to reset IOEx to 0, wait until IORx becomes 0 and then set IOEx to 1 again. If the bit is reset to 0, the function is disabled. If the bit is set to 1, the function is enabled to start its initialization.

Address 0X03: I/O Ready Bit R/W Represent Value
Reserved for Future Use 7 ~ 1 Read only (Supplement) The functions shall set this bit to 1 within the timeout value defined in the TPLFE_ENABLE_TIMEOUT_VAL tuple. On power up or after a reset, this bit shall be set to 0. For any function that is not implemented on an SDIO card, this bit shall always be 0 If this bit is reset to 0, the function is not ready to operate. If this bit is set to 1, the function is ready to operate.

Address 0X04: Interrupt Enable
Bit R/W Represent Value Interrupt Enable Master. If this bit is cleared to 0, no interrupts from this card shall be sent to the host. If this bit is set to 1, then any function’s interrupt shall be sent to the host 7 ~ 1 Interrupt Enable for function(1-7) If the bit is cleared to 0, any interrupt from this function shall not be sent to the host. If this bit is set to 1, then this function’s interrupt shall be sent to the host if the master Interrupt Enable (bit 0) is also set to 1.

Address 0X05: Interrupt Pending
Bit R/W Represent Value Reserved for Future Use 7 ~ 1 Read Only Interrupt Pending for function (1-7) Note that if the IENx or IENM bits are not set, the host cannot receive this pending interrupt. If this bit is cleared to 0, this indicates that no interrupts are pending from this function. If this bit is set to 1, then this function has interrupt pending.

Address 0X06: I/O Abort Bit R/W Represent Value 2 ~ 0 Write only
Abort Select In order to abort an I/O read or write and free the SD bus. (Note) the function that is currently transferring data must be addressed. These 3 bits define which function’s transfer to stop. (Example) the abort the transfer to function number 3, the value of 0x03 would be written to these bits using CMD52 only. If the abort is addressed to a suspended function, it does not affect current data transaction. 3 I/O CARD RESET Setting the RES to 1 shall cause all I/O functions in an SDIO or Combo card to perform a soft reset. 7 ~ 4 Reserved for Future Use

Address 0X07: Bus Interface
Bit R/W Represent Value 1 ~ 0 Defines the data bus width to be used for data transfer. All Full-Speed SDIO cards support both 1 and 4-bit bus. ’00’=1-bit or’10’=4-bit bus 4 ~ 2 Reserved for Future Use 5 Enable Continuous SPI Interrupt. “1”, then this R/W bit is used to allow the SDIO card to assert the interrupt line in the SPI mode at any time. This bit is cleared to “0” on reset or power-up. 6 Read only Support Continuous SPI interrupt. “1” to indicate that this SDIO card supports the assertion of interrupts in the SPI mode at any time. “0” , then this SDIO card can only assert the interrupt line in the SPI mode when the CS line is asserted 7 CD Disable Connect[0]/Disconnect[1] the 10K-90K ohm pull-up resistor on CD/DAT[3] (pin 1) of the card.

Address 0X08: Card Capability (2 of 2)
Bit R/W Represent Value 4 Read only Supports interrupt between blocks of data in 4-bit SD mode. This flag bit reports the SDIO card’s ability to generate interrupts during a 4-bit multi-block data transfer If this bit is 0, then the SDIO card is not able to signal an interrupt during a multi-block data transfer in 4-bit mode If this bit is 1, then the SDIO card is able to signal an interrupt between blocks while data transfer is in progress. 5 Enable interrupt between blocks of data in 4-bit SD mode. Enable the multi-block IRQ during 4-bit transfer for the SDIO card. 0, the card shall not signal interrupts during a 4-bit multi-block data transfer 1, the card shall generate interrupts during 4 bit multi-block data transfers 6 Card is a Low-Speed card or not 1 – low-speed card 0 – full-speed card 7 4-bit support for Low-Speed cards 1 – LSC = 1 & supports 4-bit data transfer 0 – otherwise

Address 0X08: Card Capability (1 of 2)
Bit R/W Represent Value Read only Card Supports Direct Commands during data transfer. This bit applies only to the SD modes, it does not apply to SPI mode. 1 ICard Supports Multi-Block. This flag bit reports the SDIO card’s ability to execute the IO_RW_EXTENDED command (CMD53) in the block mode. If this bit is set, all I/O functions (0-7) shall accept and execute CMD53 with the optional block mode bit set. 2 Card Supports Read Wait. This bit applies only to the SD modes, it does not apply to SPI mode 3 Card supports Suspend/Resume. This bit applies only to the SD modes, it does not apply to SPI mode.

Address 0X09 ~ 0X0B: Common CIS Pointer
Bit R/W Represent Value 7 ~ 0 Read only This 3-byte pointer points to the start of the card’s common CIS. A card common CIS is mandatory for all SDIO cards. This pointer is stored in little-endian format (LSB first). The common CIS contains information relation to the entire card. The card common CIS shall be located within the CIS space of function 0 (0x x017FFF)

Address 0X0C: Bus Suspend
Bit R/W Represent Value Read only Bus status 1, then the currently addressed function is currently executing a command which transfers data on the DAT[x] line(s). 0, then the addressed function is not using the data bus. 1 Bus Release Request/Status 1, the addressed function shall temporarily halt data transfer on the DAT[x] lines and suspend the command that is in process. 7 ~ 2 Reserved for future use

Address 0X0D: Function Select
Bit R/W Represent Value 3 ~ 0 Select Function bits 3:0 0000 : Transaction of function 0 (CIA) : Transaction to functions 1-7 1000: Transaction of memory in combo card : Not defined, reserved for future use 6 ~ 4 Reserved for future use 7 Read only Resume Data Flag If DF is set to 1, then there is more data to transfer that will begin after the function or memory in resumed. If DF=0, the function or memory was suspended at end of data transfer (during busy)

Address 0X0E: Exec Flags Bit R/W Represent Value 7 ~ 0 Read only
Execution Flag. These bits are used by the host to determine the current execution status of all functions (1-7) and memory (0). The bit is set to 1 for each function or memory that is currently executing a command. These bits are only defined if SBS=1 If SBS=0 these bits shall be read as zero.

Address 0X0F: Ready Flags
Bit R/W Represent Value 7 ~ 0 Read only Ready Flag bits. These bits tell the host the read or write busy status for functions (1-7) and memory (0). If the RFx bit is set to 1, then the function/memory can accept write data. if the RFx bit is cleared to 0, it indicates that read data is NOT available.

Address 0X10 ~ 0X11: Function 0 block size
Bit R/W Represent Value 10[7..0] 11[7..0] This 16-bit register sets the block size for I/O block operations for Function 0 only. The maximum block size is 2048 (0x0800) and the minimum is 1.

Address 0X12: Power Control
Bit R/W Represent Value Read only Support Master Power Control These bits tell the host if the card supports Master Power Control 0 : The total card current is less than 200mA 1 :The total card current may exceed 200mA. 1 Enable Master Power Control 0(default): The total card current shall be less than 200mA. 1: The total card current may exceed 200mA and SPS and EPS are available 7~2 Reserved for Future Use

Address 0X13: High-Speed Bit R/W Represent Value Read only
Read only Support High-Speed 0: The card does not support High-Speed mode 1: The card supports High-Speed mode. 1 Enable High-Speed 0 (default): The card operates in default timing mode with a clock rate up to 25MHz. 1 : High-Speed Mode 7~2 Reserved for Future Use

Address 0X14 ~ 0XEF: RFU

Address 0XF0~ 0XFF: Reserved for Vendors
These 16 registers are reserved for the maker of the I/O card to be used for any operations that are defined by and specific to any vendor unique operation.

Common I/O Area Structure

Common I/O Area (Function 0)

Function Basic Register (FBR)
Function 1-7 Register Mapping

FBR (Function 1-7) Function 1-7 有著相同的Structure, 在此舉其中Function1 作為例子
0X100 to OX1FF 共256 bytes

Function 1: Address 0X100 Function 2-7 Address = 0X(2..7)00 Bit R/W
Represent Value 3 ~ 0 Read only SDIO Function Interface code 顯示此Function 有Support的I/O Interface 0000: No supported function : Support Standard UART 0010: Type-A Bluetooth : Type-B Bluetooth 0100: Support GPS : Support Camera 0110: Support PHS : Support WLAN 1000: Embedded SDIO-ATA 1111: Support other interface(Specified in 0x101) 4 & 5 RFU 6 Read Only Whether this function support Code Storage Area(CSA) 1: Yes 0: No 7 Enable function CSA 1: Enable 0: Disable (R/W CSA will be blocked)(initial value)

Represent Value 7 ~ 0 Read only Extended SDIO Function Interface code 當address 0X100的[3..0]為1111，則此8 bits 有意義 Undefined, if 0X100[3..0] != 1111 => 預設為

Represent Value Read only Support Power Selection(SPS) 0: no power selection (EPS=0) 1: has 2 power mode that could be selected by EPS 1 Enable Power Selection(EPS) 0(Default) : Higher Current Mode(Maximum current = TPLFE_HP_MAX_PWR_3.3V) 1: Lower Current Mode(Maximum current = TPLFE_LP_MAX_PWR_3.3V) 7 ~ 2 RFU

Function 2-7 Address = 0X(2..7)03 – 0X(2..7)08
Bit R/W Represent Value 7 ~ 0 RFU

Function 1: Address 0X109-0X10B
Bit R/W Represent Value 0X10B[7..0] + 0X10A[7..0] 0X109[7..0] 共24bits Read Only Address pointer to function CIS (只有最後17bits有作用,其中0X10B[7..1] always zero) 1. CIS為每個Function皆有的Structure 2. Store in liitle-endian format(LSB first) 3. If the card doesn’t support CIS, then pointer value = End of Chain tuple Address to CIS

Function 1: Address 0X10C-0X10E
Bit R/W Represent Value 0X10E[7..0] + 0X10D[7..0] 0X10C[7..0] 共24bits Address pointer to function CSA 1. After any R/W to CSA access window, this pointer will be increased 1 automatically 2. If this function does not support CSA(0x100 bit 6 = 0), then this 24 bits shall read as 0X000000 3. . Store in liitle-endian format(LSB first) Address to CSA

Function 1: Address 0X10F Function 2-7 Address = 0X(2..7)0F Bit R/W
Represent Value 7~0 Data access window to CSA Any R/W to this address when CSA is enable ,shall pass data to/from the address by CSA address pointer(0X10C~0X10E) When 0x100[7] = 1 Contain data written to CSA imminently When 0X100[7] = 0 =>Always

Function 2-7 Address = 0X(2..7)10 ~ 0X(2..7)11
Bit R/W Represent Value 0X111[7..0] + 0X110[7..0] 共16 bits Function 1 I/O Block SIZE 1. Before use it, user should set appropriate value 2. Store in little-endian format Maximum Value is 2048(0X0800) Minimum Value is 1 (0X0001) Initial value = 0X0000 When the card doesn’t support I/O operation Read only and always 0X0000

Function 1: Address 0X112-0X1FF
Bit R/W Represent Value 0X112 – 0X1FF RFU

Common I/O Area(Function 0)

Function 用法

Function 1 Function 1 : 設定時間
Address x reset_rtc 0x TH 0x H 0x TM 0x M 0x TS 0x S

Function 2 Function 2 :切換時區
Address x change_city 0x city0 0x city1

Function 3 Function 3 :設定鬧鐘
Address x set_alarm 0x TH 0x H 0x TM 0x M 0x TS 0x S

Function 4 & 5 Function 4 :顯示鬧鐘時間 Function 5 :取消在響的鬧鐘
Address x show_sel Function 5 :取消在響的鬧鐘 Address x cancel_pending 0x alarm_pending

Data Trasmission Method
這是我們所有有用到的傳輸方式

Operation Between Command

read_ command 讀command 是每8bit讀一次的

CMD0 Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:8] [7:1] Description Start bit
Description Start bit Transmission bit Command index Stuff bits CRC7 End bit

R1 (CMD0) Bit position 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Description MSB Parameter error
Description MSB Parameter error Address error Erase sequence error Com crc error Illegal command Erase reset(by cmd8) In idle state

CMD8 Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:20] [19:16] [15:8] [7:1]
Description Start bit Transmission bit Command index Reserved bits Voltage supplied(VHS) ( V) Check pattern CRC7 End bit

R7 (CMD8) Bit position [39:32] [31:28] [27:12] [11:8] [7:0]
Description R1(assume in idle state) Command version Reserved bits Voltage accepted Check pattern

CMD5(1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:32] [31:8] [7:1] Description
Description Start bit Transmission bit Command index Stuff bits I/O OCR CRC7 End bit

R4 (CMD5(1)) Bit position [39:32] 31 [30:28] 27 [26:24] [23:0]
Description Modified R1 C Number of I/O functions Memory present Stuff bits I/O OCR

CMD5(2) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:32] [31:8] [7:1] Description

R4 (CMD5(2)) Bit position [39:32] 31 [30:28] 27 [26:24] [23:0]
Description Modified R1 C Number of I/O functions Memory present Stuff bits I/O OCR

illegal command Bit position 47 46 [45:40] [39:32] [31:8] [7:1]

illegal command

address error Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16
[15:8] [7:1] Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit

address error

SDIO Card Implementation

Real Time Clock (RTC)

Main Functionality 由輸入的clock隨時計算現在的時間設定時間之後，讀進控制元件的時間資料，輸出每一秒的正確時間
Frequency Divider clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0]

Clock Frequency Divider Clock clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset
rtc_out[19:0]

Clock RTC register 記住TH, H, TM, M, TS, S 的資訊做進位判斷 Frequency Divider
clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0] RTC register 記住TH, H, TM, M, TS, S 的資訊做進位判斷 TH H TM M TS S [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [011] [0000] →19:58:30

Frequency Divider Clock Clock Frequency Divider Clock
clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0] Clock Frequency Divider clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0]

Frequency Divider 將input clock除頻成1Hz Frequency Divider Clock clk_50KHz
clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0] 將input clock除頻成1Hz

Frequency Divider 在reset的時候，重新計算1Hz的計數器 RESET Frequency Divider Clock
25000 Frequency Divider Clock Frequency Divider clk_50KHz clk_1Hz rtc_in[19:0] reset rtc_out[19:0] 在reset的時候，重新計算1Hz的計數器 RESET

23:59:59 00:00:00 00:00:01

Design idea Input： 1. rtc_data (現在時間) 2. alarm_data (鬧鐘設定時間)
3. control Control(0) => rtc_enable Control(1) => set Control(2) => cancel

Design idea Output： 1. alarm_pending (“1”表示鬧鈴在響；”0”表示鬧鈴沒有在響)
2. alarm_data_o (把接收到的鬧鐘設定時間送出去)

Main Functionality 這個architecture最主要就是判斷線在鬧鈴是否在響。
。不使用鬧鐘功能（set = 0）=> 不會響。。rtc沒有在工作（rtc_enable = 0）=>不會響。。取消鬧鈴鍵是被按下的（cancel = 1）=>不會響。。set = 1，rtc_enable = 1, cancel = 0 => 若現在時間和鬧鐘設定的時間相同=>開始響。 => set變成0，rtc_enable變成0， cancel變成1 => 停止。

State Diagram of Alarm At pending
1) [match = 1 or 0，set = 1，rtc_enable = 1，cancel = 0] => pending 2) other situation => not_pending At not_pending 1) [match = 1 ，set = 1，rtc_enable = 1，cancel = 0] => pending

Testbench of Alarm 當現在時間和鬧鐘設定時間一樣時， control各種情況的simulation cancel Set
Rtc_enable

Testbench of Alarm 在60ns時，現在時間和鬧鐘設定時間變不同，但是沒有取消，所以鬧鈴繼續響。在70ns時，取消鈕被按下(control[2]變成1)，所以鬧鈴停止。 cancel Set Rtc_enable

change change

切換時區

Main Functionality 提供切換時區的功能，將RTC和alarm output的時間做時區處理
將經過時區處理的time data加上欲顯示的時區代碼後傳送給LCD

Design Idea 先挑選出一定數量的時區代表城市作為對換資料，判斷現在時間的城市時區，與要變換的城市時區做比較，將其作時差的加減對應而換算到新城市的時間留意進位、退位和前後天(如超過24小時)的時間換算顯示 1 000001 UTC-11 Niue 2 000010 UTC-10 Hawaii 3 000011 UTC-9:30 POM 4 000100 UTC-9 Alaska 5 000101 UTC-8 PST 6 000110 UTC-7 Texas 7 000111 UTC-6 Florida 8 001000 UTC-5 New York 9 001001 UTC-4:30 Venezuela 10 001010 UTC-4 Paraguay 11 001011 UTC-3:30 Labrador 12 001100 UTC-3 Argentina 13 001101 UTC-2 SSI 14 001110 UTC-1 Praia 15 001111 UTC London 16 010000 UTC+1 Paris 17 010001 UTC+2 Alexandria 18 010010 UTC+3 Moscow 19 010011 UTC+3:30 Iran 20 010100 UTC+4 Baku 21 010101 UTC+4:30 Herat 22 010110 UTC+5 Pakistan 23 010111 UTC+5:30 India 24 011000 UTC+5:45 Nepal 25 011001 UTC+6 Bengal 26 011010 UTC+6:30 Myanmar 27 011011 UTC+7 Thailand 28 011100 UTC+8 Taiwan 29 011101 UTC+8:45 Caiguna 30 011110 UTC+9 Japan 31 011111 UTC+9:30 Broken Hill 32 100000 UTC+10 Guam 33 100001 UTC+10:30 LordHoweIsl. 34 100010 UTC+11 Solomon 35 100011 UTC+11:30 NorfolkIsl. 36 100100 UTC+12 New Zealand 37 100101 UTC+12:45 ChathamIsl. 38 100110 UTC+13 Tonga

Flow of Change City Input reset time data Reset time New time data
New city time data Original city time data no change reset Reset time no reset Change city change

Testbench of Change City
Input time data：UTC+4 Baku 7:49:38 Case 1：change to UTC-4:30 Venezuela Output time data1： 23:19:38 ----時區大換時區小(+ 24小時制變換) Case 2：change to UTC+12:45 Chathamlsl Output time data2： 16:34:38 ----時區小換時區大(+ 時、分的進退位)

Reset：city0  20 010100 UTC+4 Baku Output: City TH H TM M TS S
[010100][000000] [00] [0111] [100] [1001] [011] [1000] Reset 32’b0

Case 1：UTC+4 Baku  UTC-4:30 Venezuela 7：49：38  23：19：38
Output： city TH H TM M TS S [001001] [000000] [10] [0011] [001] [1001] [011] [1000] New minute New hour

Case 2：UTC+4 Baku  UTC-4:30 Chathamlsl 7：49：38  16：34：38
Output： city TH H TM M TS S [100101] [000000] [01] [0110] [011] [0100] [011] [1000] New minute New hour

(在此以80 us當成1 sec測試SDIO card)
Testbench of SDIO Card (在此以80 us當成1 sec測試SDIO card)

in_data_rtc [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [011] [0000] 19 : 58 : 30
City0：001000 in_data_rtc [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [011] [0000] 19 : 58 : 30 in_data_alarm [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [100] [0000] 19 : 58 : 40 Reset Set alarm 19：58：31 19：58：30

Case 1： 001000 UTC-5 New York  000011 UTC-9:30 POM 19：58：32  15：28：32
Change Unchange 15：28：32 15：28：33 19：58：34 19：58：35

Case 2： 001000 UTC-5 New York  000000 UTC+8 Taiwan (dedault) 19：58：36  08：58：36
08：58：37 19：58：38 19：58：39 Change Unchange

in_data_alarm [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [100] [0000] 19 : 58 : 40
R_data_out [01] [1001] [101] [1000] [100] [0000] 19 : 58 : 40 → alarm pending show alarm alarm 19：58：40

Change city + show alarm time： UTC-5 New York  UTC+8 Taiwan (dedault) 19：58：40  08：58：40 Change city Show alarm time 08：58：40

Cancel pending Rtc time ： 19：58：43 show rtc time 19：58：43

在連接上 Host 或 Host reset SDIO card 之前

<sol> 加入內部軟體的reset模擬

在連接上host或host reset之前 RTC仍可以照常運作
00:00: :00: :00: :58: :58:31 reset

check RTC’s alarm_pending
initial print alarm Msg idle print city print alarm symbol alarm_pending = 1 check RTC’s data alarm_pending = 0 check RTC’s alarm_pending alarm_set = 0 show_t = 0 show_t = 1 alarm_set = 1 check RTC’s alarm set print real _time print alarm_time

show_t = 1 alarm_set = 0 alarm_pending = 1
CASE 1 show_t = 1 alarm_set = 0 alarm_pending = 1 initial print alarm Msg idle print city print alarm symbol check RTC’s data check RTC’s alarm_pending alarm_set = 0 show_t = 1 check RTC’s alarm set print real _time print alarm_time

start set position LCD initial alarm time print city

print city print alarm time

don’t care

CASE 2 show_t = 0 alarm_set = 0 alarm_pending = 1 initial print alarm Msg idle print city print alarm symbol check RTC’s data check RTC’s alarm_pending alarm_set = 0 show_t = 0 check RTC’s alarm set print real _time print alarm_time

alarm pend signal! Don’t care
still print city in LCD line 1

CASE 3 show_t = 0 alarm_set = 1 alarm_pending = 1 initial print alarm Msg idle print city print alarm symbol alarm_pending = 1 check RTC’s data check RTC’s alarm_pending show_t = 0 alarm_set = 1 check RTC’s alarm set print real _time print alarm_time

start print alarm Msg

end print city print alarm Msg

CASE 4 show_t = 1 alarm_set = 1 alarm_pending = 1 initial print alarm Msg idle print city print alarm symbol alarm_pending = 1 check RTC’s data check RTC’s alarm_pending show_t = 1 alarm_set = 1 check RTC’s alarm set print real _time print alarm_time

start alarm end print Alarm Msg alarm image LCD initialize alarm time

TESTBENCH All Project

Function List 起始時間(ms) 功能內容 wait Wait for starting! 4.2 初始化
wait Wait for starting! 4.2 初始化 CMD0→CMD8 →CMD5 →CMD5 13.16 設定時間 CMD52(TH=1) → CMD52(H=9) → CMD52(TM=5) → CMD52(M=8) → CMD52(TS=3) → CMD52(S=0) → CMD52(reset_rtc=1) 26.6 設定鬧鐘 CMD52(TH=1) → CMD52(H=9) → CMD52(TM=5) → CMD52(M=8) → CMD52(TS=3) → CMD52(S=2) → CMD52(set_alarm=1) 40.04 顯示鬧鐘 CMD52(show_sel=1) 41.96 等待鬧鐘響 Waiting! 顯示時鐘 CMD52(show_sel=0) 關掉鬧鐘 CMD52(cancel_pending=1) 2046.6 切換時區 CMD52(city=Paris) → CMD52(change_city=1)

TESTBENCH RESET_RTC

CMD52(TH=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TH=1)

R5(CMD52) Bit position [15:8] [7:0] Description Modified R1
(in ready state) R/W Data ( data been read )

CMD52(H=9) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(H=9)

CMD52(TM=5) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TM=5)

CMD52(M=8) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(M=8)

CMD52(TS=3) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TS=3)

CMD52(S=0) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52 (reset_rtc=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34
[33:17] 16 [15:8] [7:1] Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit

CMD52 (reset_rtc=1)

TESTBENCH 設定鬧鐘

CMD52(TH=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TH=1)

CMD52(H=9) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(H=9)

CMD52(TM=5) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TM=5)

CMD52(M=8) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(M=8)

CMD52(TS=3) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(TS=3)

CMD52(S=2) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16

CMD52(S=2)

CMD52 (set_alarm=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34

CMD52 (set_alarm=1) Set Alarm

TESTBENCH 顯示鬧鐘

CMD52 (show_sel=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17]
16 [15:8] [7:1] Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit

CMD52 (show_sel=1) Show Alarm

TESTBENCH 顯示時鐘

CMD52 (show_sel=0) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17]

CMD52 (show_sel=0) Show Clock

TESTBENCH 關掉鬧鐘

ringing Match!

CMD52(cancel_pending=1)
Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16 [15:8] [7:1] Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit

Stop alarm Stop ringing

TESTBENCH CHANGE_CITY

CMD52 (city=Paris) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17]

CMD52 (city=Paris)

CMD52 (change_city=1) Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34

CMD52 (change_city=1)

TESTBENCH 關掉鬧鐘

Bit position 47 46 [45:40] 39 [38:36] 35 34 [33:17] 16 [15:8] [7:1] Description Start bit Direction Command index R/W Flag Function number RAW flag Stuff Register address Write data or stuff bits CRC7 End bit

Project Finish LCD Time Display Command Response 1. Initialization
2. Data Transfer (Support 4 I/O Function) - 設定時間 - 設定鬧鐘 - 取消鬧鐘 - 切換時區 SDIO Card

Thank You!

SD IO Interface World Real Time Clock / Alarm with C-LCM

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