1. Dr. Alexandra I. Cristea http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/
CSS
Dr. Alexandra I. Cristea
Source:

2. What is CSS? CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
Styles define how to display HTML elements
Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets
Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
External Style Sheets can save you a lot of work
External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
Multiple style definitions will cascade into one

3. Styles Solve a Common Problem
HTML tags were originally designed to define the content of a document. They were supposed to say "This is a header", "This is a paragraph", "This is a table", by using tags like <h1>, <p>, <table>, and so on. The layout of the document was supposed to be taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags.
HTML tags were originally designed to define the content of a document. They were supposed to say "This is a header", "This is a paragraph", "This is a table", by using tags like <h1>, <p>, <table>, and so on. The layout of the document was supposed to be taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags.
As the two major browsers - Netscape and Internet Explorer - continued to add new HTML tags and attributes (like the <font> tag and the color attribute) to the original HTML specification, it became more and more difficult to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents was clearly separated from the document's presentation layout.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the non profit, standard setting consortium, responsible for standardizing HTML - created STYLES in addition to HTML 4.0.  
All major browsers support Cascading Style Sheets.
Style Sheets Can Save a Lot of Work
Styles sheets define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed, just like the font tag and the color attribute in HTML 3.2. Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing one single CSS document!
CSS is a breakthrough in Web design because it allows developers to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. As a Web developer you can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want. To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in the Web are updated automatically.

4. Styles Solve a Common Problem (cont)
As the two major browsers - Netscape and Internet Explorer - continued to add new HTML tags and attributes (like the <font> tag and the color attribute) to the original HTML specification, it became more and more difficult to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents was clearly separated from the document's presentation layout.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the non profit, standard setting consortium, responsible for standardizing HTML - created STYLES in addition to HTML 4.0.  
All major browsers support Cascading Style Sheets.
HTML tags were originally designed to define the content of a document. They were supposed to say "This is a header", "This is a paragraph", "This is a table", by using tags like <h1>, <p>, <table>, and so on. The layout of the document was supposed to be taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags.
As the two major browsers - Netscape and Internet Explorer - continued to add new HTML tags and attributes (like the <font> tag and the color attribute) to the original HTML specification, it became more and more difficult to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents was clearly separated from the document's presentation layout.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the non profit, standard setting consortium, responsible for standardizing HTML - created STYLES in addition to HTML 4.0.  
All major browsers support Cascading Style Sheets.
Style Sheets Can Save a Lot of Work
Styles sheets define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed, just like the font tag and the color attribute in HTML 3.2. Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing one single CSS document!
CSS is a breakthrough in Web design because it allows developers to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. As a Web developer you can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want. To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in the Web are updated automatically.

5. Multiple Styles Will Cascade Into One
Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways.
Styles can be specified inside a single HTML element, inside the <head> element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS file.
Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document. 
Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways. Styles can be specified inside a single HTML element, inside the <head> element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS file. Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document. 
Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
Browser default
External style sheet
Internal style sheet (inside the <head> tag)
Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).

6. Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
Browser default
External style sheet
Internal style sheet (inside the <head> tag)
Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).
Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways. Styles can be specified inside a single HTML element, inside the <head> element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS file. Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document. 
Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
Browser default
External style sheet
Internal style sheet (inside the <head> tag)
Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).

7. CSS Syntax
The CSS syntax is made up of three parts: a selector, a property and a value:
selector {property: value}
The selector is normally the HTML element/tag you wish to define, the property is the attribute you wish to change, and each property can take a value.
The property and value are separated by a colon, and surrounded by curly braces:
body {color: black}
Note: If  the value is multiple words, put quotes around the value:
p {font-family: "sans serif"}

8. Multiple properties p {text-align:center;color:red}
and more readable as: p {
text-align: center;
color: black;
font-family: arial }
Note: If you wish to specify more than one property, you must separate each property with a semicolon. The example below shows how to define a center aligned paragraph, with a red text color:
To make the style definitions more readable, you can describe one property on each line, like this: p {
text-align: center;
color: black;
font-family: arial }

9. Grouping
You can group selectors. Separate each selector with a comma. In the example below we have grouped all the header elements. All header elements will be displayed in green text color:
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { color: green }

10. The class Selector
With the class selector you can define different styles for the same type of HTML element.
p.right {text-align: right}
p.center {text-align: center}
Use in HTML document:
<p class="right"> This paragraph will be right-aligned. </p>
<p class="center"> This paragraph will be center-aligned. </p>
With the class selector you can define different styles for the same type of HTML element.
Say that you would like to have two types of paragraphs in your document: one right-aligned paragraph, and one center-aligned paragraph. Here is how you can do it with styles:
p.right {text-align: right} p.center {text-align: center} You have to use the class attribute in your HTML document:
<p class="right"> This paragraph will be right-aligned. </p> <p class="center"> This paragraph will be center-aligned. </p>
Note: To apply more than one class per given element, the syntax is:
<p class="center bold"> This is a paragraph. </p> The paragraph above will be styled by the class "center" AND the class "bold".
You can also omit the tag name in the selector to define a style that will be used by all HTML elements that have a certain class. In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
.center {text-align: center}
Do NOT start a class name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

11. Add Styles to Elements with Particular Attributes
You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes.
The style rule below will match all input elements that have a type attribute with a value of "text":
input[type="text"] {background-color: blue}

12. The id Selector
You can also define styles for HTML elements with the id selector. The id selector is defined as a #.
The style rule below will match the element that has an id attribute with a value of "green":
#green {color: green}
The style rule below will match the p element that has an id with a value of "para1":
p#para1 { text-align: center; color: red }
Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

13. CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. A comment will be ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:
/* This is a comment */ p
{ text-align: center;
/* This is another comment */
color: black;
font-family: arial }

14. External Style Sheet ideal when the style is applied to many pages.
change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file.
Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>
The browser will read the style definitions from the file mystyle.css, and format the document according to it.
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color: sienna} p {margin-left: 20px} body {background-image: url("images/back40.gif")} Do NOT leave spaces between the property value and the units! If you use "margin-left: 20 px" instead of "margin-left: 20px" it will only work properly in IE6 but it will not work in Mozilla/Firefox or Netscape.

15. Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color: sienna}
p {margin-left: 20px}
body {background-image: url("images/back40.gif")}
</style>
</head>
The browser will now read the style definitions, and format the document according to it.
Note: A browser normally ignores unknown tags. This means that an old browser that does not support styles, will ignore the <style> tag, but the content of the <style> tag will be displayed on the page. It is possible to prevent an old browser from displaying the content by hiding it in the HTML comment element: 
<head> <style type="text/css"> <!-- hr {color: sienna} p {margin-left: 20px} body {background-image: url("images/back40.gif")} --> </style> </head>

16. Inline Styles <p style="color: sienna; margin-left: 20px">
This is a paragraph
</p>
Not such a good idea!!
Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly, such as when a style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an element.
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph.
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet. 
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3 { color: red; text-align: left; font-size: 8pt } And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3 { text-align: right; font-size: 20pt } If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:
color: red; text-align: right; font-size: 20pt The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.

17. CSS Background Properties
The CSS background properties allow you to control the background color of an element, set an image as the background, repeat a background image vertically or horizontally, and position an image on a page.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

18. Example: no scroll image
background-image:
url('smiley.gif');
background-repeat:
no-repeat;
background-attachment:
fixed

19. Text spacing <html> <head> <style type="text/css">
h1 {letter-spacing: -3px}
h4 {letter-spacing: 0.5cm}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is header 1</h1>
<h4>This is header 4</h4>
</body>
</html>

20. Text Alignment <html> <head> <style type="text/css">
div.one {
direction: rtl }
div.two
direction: ltr
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="one">Some text. Right-to-left direction.</div>
<div class="two">Some text. Left-to-right direction.</div>
</body>
</html>

21. CSS Font Properties
The CSS font properties allow you to change the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.
Note: In CSS1 fonts are identified by a font name. If a browser does not support the specified font, it will use a default font.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

22. Font Style Example <html> <head>
<style type="text/css"> p {
font: italic small-caps px arial }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

23. CSS Border Properties
The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style and color of an element's border. In HTML we use tables to create borders around a text, but with the CSS border properties we can create borders with nice effects, and it can be applied to any element.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

24. Border style and width <html> <head>
<style type="text/css">
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px } …
</head>
<body>
<p class="one">Some text</p>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px }
p.two
border-width: thick
p.three
border-width: 5px 10px
p.four
border-width: 5px 10px 1px
p.five
border-width: 5px 10px 1px medium
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="one">Some text</p>
<p class="two">Some text</p>
<p class="three">Some text</p>
<p class="four">Some text</p>
<p class="five">Some text</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style" property to set the borders first.</p>
</body>
</html>

25. Border color p.one { border-style: solid; border-color: #0000ff }
p.four
border-color: #ff0000 #00ff00 #0000ff rgb(250,0,255)
More info on colors:
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: #0000ff }
p.two
border-color: #ff0000 #0000ff
p.three
border-color: #ff0000 #00ff00 #0000ff
p.four
border-color: #ff0000 #00ff00 #0000ff rgb(250,0,255)
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="one">One-colored border!</p>
<p class="two">Two-colored border!</p>
<p class="three">Three-colored border!</p>
<p class="four">Four-colored border!</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style" property to set the borders first.</p>
</body>
</html>
More info on colors:

26. CSS Outline Properties
An outline is a line that is drawn around elements, outside the border edge, to make the element "stand out".
The CSS outline properties sets the outlines around elements. You can specify the style, color, and width of the outline.
Note: Outlines do not take up space, and they do not have to be rectangular.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

27. Outline style <style type="text/css"> p {
border: red solid thin; }
p.dotted {outline-style: dotted}
p.dashed {outline-style: dashed}
p.solid {outline-style: solid}
p.double {outline-style: double}
p.groove {outline-style: groove}
p.ridge {outline-style: ridge}
p.inset {outline-style: inset}
p.outset {outline-style: outset}
</style>
Does NOT work with IE!:
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css"> p {
border: red solid thin; }
p.dotted {outline-style: dotted}
p.dashed {outline-style: dashed}
p.solid {outline-style: solid}
p.double {outline-style: double}
p.groove {outline-style: groove}
p.ridge {outline-style: ridge}
p.inset {outline-style: inset}
p.outset {outline-style: outset}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="dotted">A dotted outline</p>
<p class="dashed">A dashed outline</p>
<p class="solid">A solid outline</p>
<p class="double">A double outline</p>
<p class="groove">A groove outline</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge outline</p>
<p class="inset">An inset outline</p>
<p class="outset">An outset outline</p>
</body>
</html>

28. CSS Margin Properties
The CSS margin properties define the space around elements. (also negative values to overlap content).
top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently w. separate properties; or all at once.
Note: Netscape and IE give the body tag a default margin of 8px. Opera does not! Instead, Opera applies a default padding of 8px, so if one wants to adjust the margin for an entire page and have it display correctly in Opera, the body padding must be set as well!
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.
The CSS margin properties define the space around elements. It is possible to use negative values to overlap content. The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used to change all of the margins at once.
Note: Netscape and IE give the body tag a default margin of 8px. Opera does not! Instead, Opera applies a default padding of 8px, so if one wants to adjust the margin for an entire page and have it display correctly in Opera, the body padding must be set as well!
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

29. CSS Margin Setting Example
<style type="text/css">
p.leftmargin {margin-left: 2cm}
</style>

30. CSS Margin Setting Ex2 <style type="text/css"> p.rightmargin {
margin-right:25% }
</style>
<p class="rightmargin" style="text-align:right">
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p.rightmargin {
margin-right:25% }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p style="text-align:right">This is a right aligned paragraph with no margin specified</p>
<p class="rightmargin" style="text-align:right">This is a right aligned paragraph with a specified right margin</p>
</body>
</html>

31. CSS Padding Properties
define the space between the element border and the element content. Negative values are not allowed.
top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently w. separate properties; or multiple sides at once.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.
The CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element content. Negative values are not allowed. The top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently using separate properties. A shorthand padding property is also created to control multiple sides at once.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

32. CSS Padding Example <html> <head>
<style type="text/css">
td {padding-bottom: 2cm}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
This is a tablecell with a bottom padding
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
td {padding-bottom: 2cm}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
This is a tablecell with a bottom padding
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

33. CSS List Properties
The CSS list properties allow you to place the list-item marker, change between different list-item markers, or set an image as the list-item marker.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

34. List Style Types <style type="text/css">
ul.disc {list-style-type: disc}
ul.circle {list-style-type: circle}
ul.square {list-style-type: square}
ul.none {list-style-type: none}
ul.decimal {list-style-type: decimal}
ul.decimal-leading-zero {list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero}
ul.lower-roman {list-style-type: lower-roman}
ul.upper-roman {list-style-type: upper-roman}
ul.lower-alpha {list-style-type: lower-alpha}
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
ul.disc {list-style-type: disc}
ul.circle {list-style-type: circle}
ul.square {list-style-type: square}
ul.none {list-style-type: none}
ul.decimal {list-style-type: decimal}
ul.decimal-leading-zero {list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero}
ul.lower-roman {list-style-type: lower-roman}
ul.upper-roman {list-style-type: upper-roman}
ul.lower-alpha {list-style-type: lower-alpha}
ul.upper-alpha {list-style-type: upper-alpha}
ul.lower-greek {list-style-type: lower-greek}
ul.lower-latin {list-style-type: lower-latin}
ul.upper-latin {list-style-type: upper-latin}
ul.hebrew {list-style-type: hebrew}
ul.armenian {list-style-type: armenian}
ul.georgian {list-style-type: georgian}
ul.cjk-ideographic {list-style-type: cjk-ideographic}
ul.hiragana {list-style-type: hiragana}
ul.katakana {list-style-type: katakana}
ul.hiragana-iroha {list-style-type: hiragana-iroha}
ul.katakana-iroha {list-style-type: katakana-iroha}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Disc type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ul>
<ul class="circle">
<li>Circle type</li>
<ul class="square">
<li>Square type</li>
<ul class="none">
<li>The "none" type</li>
<ul class="decimal">
<li>Decimal type</li>
<ul class="decimal-leading-zero">
<li>Decimal-leading-zero type</li>
<ul class="lower-roman">
<li>Lower-roman type</li>
<ul class="upper-roman">
<li>Upper-roman type</li>
<ul class="lower-alpha">
<li>Lower-alpha type</li>
<ul class="upper-alpha">
<li>Upper-alpha type</li>
<ul class="lower-greek">
<li>Lower-greek type</li>
<ul class="lower-latin">
<li>Lower-latin type</li>
<ul class="upper-latin">
<li>Upper-latin type</li>
<ul class="hebrew">
<li>Hebrew type</li>
<ul class="armenian">
<li>Armenian type</li>
<ul class="georgian">
<li>Georgian type</li>
<ul class="cjk-ideographic">
<li>Cjk-ideographic type</li>
<ul class="hiragana">
<li>Hiragana type</li>
<ul class="katakana">
<li>Katakana type</li>
<ul class="hiragana-iroha">
<li>Hiragana-iroha type</li>
<ul class="katakana-iroha">
<li>Katakana-iroha type</li>
</body>
</html>

35. List Style: Image <head> <style type="text/css">
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
ul { list-style-image: url('arrow.gif') }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css"> ul {
list-style-image: url('arrow.gif') }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

36. CSS Table Properties
The CSS table properties allow you to set the layout of a table.
Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, M: Mac IE only, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

37. Border padding table.one { border-collapse: separate;
border-spacing: 10px }
table.two
border-spacing: 10px 50px
NOTE: Does NOT work in IE!!!
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
table.one {
border-collapse: separate;
border-spacing: 10px }
table.two
border-spacing: 10px 50px
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table class="one" border="1">
<tr>
<td>Peter</td>
<td>Griffin</td>
</tr>
<td>Lois</td>
</table>
<br />
<table class="two" border="1">
<td>Cleveland</td>
<td>Brown</td>
<td>Glenn</td>
<td>Quagmire</td>
</body>
</html>

38. Any Questions?