1. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 1 Disaster Waste in Emergencies Session 1 What is Disaster Waste?

2. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 2 What is Disaster Waste ? Abnormal generation of waste resulting from a natural disaster or conflict

3. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 3 Types of Disaster Waste Sediment, soil and vegetation Hazardous wastes Building debris Household possessions Relief waste such as packaging Unexploded ordnance and military vehicles Healthcare waste Waste from: –internally displaced people [IDP] camps –relief workers accommodation –host community / municipal waste

4. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 4 Different Disasters Different disasters are likely to generate different types of waste: Tsunami: Vegetation, human and animal remains, building debris, municipal, camp and from relief operations Earthquake: building debris, healthcare Floods: households goods, healthcare, animal carcasses, camp Hurricanes/Typhoons: similar to floods + building debris and vegetation Post-conflict: destroyed buildings, military hardware, unexploded ordnance (UXO), depleted uranium (DU), camp and from relief operations

5. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 5 Why is Waste Management Important ? Protect public health Protect environment and reduce risks Opportunity for saving costs / income generation Support sustainable livelihoods Ensure all wastes and necessary approvals covered Reduce future risks and liabilities Ensure proper Health & Safety for workers

6. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 6 Managing Disaster Waste Waste management is a multiple cluster and cross-sector issue – health, construction, municipal services, financial, industry, tourism.Waste management is a multiple cluster and cross-sector issue – health, construction, municipal services, financial, industry, tourism. Important that all stakeholders have an appreciation of waste threats and challenges but also of opportunities.Important that all stakeholders have an appreciation of waste threats and challenges but also of opportunities.

7. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 7 Managing Disaster Waste When planning for camp and host community general and household waste ensure:When planning for camp and host community general and household waste ensure: All stakeholders are involved to ensure cultural and social norms specific to the context are considered. Work is closely coordinated with Community Mobilisers / Public Health Promotion staff for effective information collection & dissemination Beneficiaries are involved in collection and maintenance activities from the beginning

8. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 8 Disaster Waste Generation Phases Source: MSB “Disaster Waste Management Framework” Dec 2008

9. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 9 Typical Disaster Waste Sources Damaged and Destroyed Agriculture Areas  Organic Matter Soft organics (leaves, fruit) Wood (trunks, branches, coconut husks) Soil with high conductivity  Hazard Waste from flooded storage areas Fertilizer Pesticides Engine Oil and batteries from service stations Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008

10. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 10 Damaged and Destroyed Buildings  Construction and Demolition Waste  Metal Roof Sheets, Cable, Cupper White Metal Goods, Car wrecks  Hazard Waste Asbestos Roof Sheets Electronic Equipment, Refrigerants from Resorts  Household Related Waste  Wood untreated Wood treated Wood Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008

11. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 11 General Municipal & Household Waste  Municipal / Household Wastes Food waste Packaging including tins, bottles and wrappings Plastics, paper and cardboard Glass Etc. Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008

12. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 12 Relief Related Waste  Camp Related Waste household related waste leachate through shoreline dumping no segregation no controlled storage / dumping Reconstruction Related Waste  Reconstruction Activities wood demolition waste packaging of construction materials Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008

13. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 13 DW1 HAZARDOUS WASTE Waste is hazardous when it contains properties that might make it harmful to our health or the environment

14. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 14 Main Components of Hazard Waste Engine Oil – Waste Oil Electronic Equipment AsbestosOil Contaminated Soil Batteries Fertilizer & Pesticides Health Care Waste

15. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 15 ASBESTOS: Definition Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that has been in use on a commercial scale for about 150 years Ideal for: o Fireproofing o Insulating material Hazardous to human health if inhaled o fibres enter lungs Asbestos Fibre

16. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 16 ASBESTOS: Common Uses Sprayed asbestos and lagging Asbestos cement Asbestos insulating board The major uses for asbestos materials in buildings are:

17. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 17 What is Health Care Waste ? WHO: All waste from a health care facility that includes both potential infectious waste and non-infectious waste materials

18. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 18 Infectious Health Care Waste WHO: Infectious sharps: syringes or other needles, blades, infusion sets, broken glass or other items that can cause direct injury Infectious non-sharps: materials that have been in contact with human blood or its derivatives

19. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 19 Infectious Health Care Waste bandages, swabs or items soaked with blood isolation wastes from highly infectious patients - including food residues used and obsolete vaccine vials bedding and other contaminated materials infected with human pathogens Human excreta from patients are also included in this category

20. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 20 What is Not Infectious Health Care Waste ? materials that have not been in contact with patients such as paper and plastic packaging, metal, glass or other wastes - similar to household wastes.

21. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 21 What is Debris ? Clean Rubble o Concrete o Bricks o Rocks o Wood o Plaster o Metal o Paper o Plastic o Tiles Hazardous Materials o Asbestos o Heavy metals (i.e. lead in piping) o Paint o Adhesives o Contaminated soil, etc. o Can contaminate the whole waste stream Rubble for recovery needs to be clean of contaminants and hazardous materials

22. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 22 Mixed Rubble Mixed Rubble cannot be readily recovered and will require additional work to segregate such items as timber, plastics etc.: Timber Plastics Furnishings

23. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 23 Sources of Rubble  Rubble clean-up  Demolition of buildings  Repair of buildings  Demolition of bridges  Rehabilitation of roads  Construction waste

24. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 24 Inter-Relation with other Activities Removal of rubble provides access for Search & Rescue Removal of waste reduces public health risks Identification and proper handling of hazardous waste protects communities from health risks Waste factors in Rapid Environmental Assessments Recycling of waste materials supports economic recovery Recycling of rubble provides building materials for shelter programmes Set foundation for normalising ensuing municipal solid waste management Capturing knowledge, data and information during disaster waste response can feed into future disaster preparedness planning

25. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 25 Impacts on Other Clusters Emergency Shelter Early Recovery Logistics Camp Coordination/Management Education Health Environment

26. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 26 Challenges Co-ordinationCo-ordination TechnicalTechnical LogisticsLogistics Awareness and input of stakeholders (community, land owners, government)Awareness and input of stakeholders (community, land owners, government) PolicyPolicy Integration with long-term sustainable WM systemsIntegration with long-term sustainable WM systems Human and financial resourcesHuman and financial resources

27. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 27 Threats Health and Safety: o vegetation, soil, sediment, re-deposited o municipal waste o hazardous (chemicals, oils, asbestos) o healthcare waste o excreta o demolition wastes o relief (IDP) wastes Environment Livelihoods

28. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 28 Threats: Health and Safety Chemical Risks: Direct dermal contact with contaminants (oils, acids)Direct dermal contact with contaminants (oils, acids) Inhalation of:Inhalation of:  Products of incomplete combustion (dioxins/furans, volatilised heavy metals)  Dust (PM10)  CO 2 asphyxiation in confined spaces (LFG)  Asbestos fibres Ingestion of surface/groundwater impacted by leachate (high organics, ammonium, heavy metals, trace organics – PCBs, VOCs)Ingestion of surface/groundwater impacted by leachate (high organics, ammonium, heavy metals, trace organics – PCBs, VOCs) Explosion of CH 4 from LFGExplosion of CH 4 from LFG Nuisance from odours (chemicals or decomposition)Nuisance from odours (chemicals or decomposition) Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

29. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 29 Threats: Health and Safety Biological Risks: Dermal contact/ingestion of faecal material/body fluids (parasitic, enteric and viral)Dermal contact/ingestion of faecal material/body fluids (parasitic, enteric and viral) Disease vectors:Disease vectors:  Rat excreta – hanta virus, leptospirosis, plague, scrub typhus  Mosquitoes – malaria, dengue fever  Flies – bacterial infections Nuisance – insects, birds, rodentsNuisance – insects, birds, rodents Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

30. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 30 Threats: Health and Safety Physical Risks: Collapse of stockpilesCollapse of stockpiles Cuts and abrasions from sharp objectsCuts and abrasions from sharp objects Uncontrolled fires (spontaneous combustion)Uncontrolled fires (spontaneous combustion) Vehicle accidentsVehicle accidents Nuisance – plumes, wind or wave-blown litterNuisance – plumes, wind or wave-blown litter Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

31. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 31 Threats: Environment Local Environmental Risks: Waste – directly contaminates soils (chemicals and micro-organisms)Waste – directly contaminates soils (chemicals and micro-organisms) Leachate – contaminates surface, ground and marine waters, results in stress and/or algal blooms (eutrophication)Leachate – contaminates surface, ground and marine waters, results in stress and/or algal blooms (eutrophication) Landfill gas – dieback of vegetationLandfill gas – dieback of vegetation Biodiversity - rodent, insect infestationBiodiversity - rodent, insect infestation Aesthetics – wind and wave blown litterAesthetics – wind and wave blown litter Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

32. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 32 Threats: Reconstruction and Livelihoods Impedes vehicle, marine and pedestrian access Blocks drains/gullies/wells Dumping of waste in low-lying agricultural areas (rice paddies) and fish- farming ponds Serves as a constant reminder of the disaster Acts as magnet for ongoing fly- tipping Precludes livelihood recovery Harbour and channel blockages prevent resumption of fishing activities and restricts river and marine transport Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

33. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 33 Opportunities Valuable Resource Material (coral blocks, concrete, mortar, steel, electrical cable and equipment)Valuable Resource Material (coral blocks, concrete, mortar, steel, electrical cable and equipment) Recycling of demolition wasteRecycling of demolition waste Disaster preparednessDisaster preparedness CompostingComposting Improved waste managementImproved waste management Economic developmentEconomic development

34. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 34 Economic Development Source of income for IDP’s/unemployedSource of income for IDP’s/unemployed Direct “cash for work” projectsDirect “cash for work” projects supply of equipmentsupply of equipment sale of recycled productssale of recycled products Trained workers for the implementation of long-term WM systems Revenue-generation schemes linked toRevenue-generation schemes linked to long-term sustainable WM systems including: 1.Collection and disposal charges 2.Fiscal policy – import duty on aggregates/plastic bottles, landfill tax 3.Promotion – composting, glass bottle return schemes, waste exchange programmes, financial opportunities for private sector Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005

35. DW WASH Cluster – Emergency Training DW1 35 Improved WM Systems / Governance IncorporateIncorporate best practice Handling of hazardous wastes Consistent systems Develop long term, sustainable waste management