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Newton’s Laws Applications.

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Presentation on theme: "Newton’s Laws Applications."— Presentation transcript:

1 Newton’s Laws Applications

2 Introduction to Friction
Tuesday, September 28, 2010 Introduction to Friction

3 Friction Friction is the force that opposes a sliding motion.
Friction is due to microscopic irregularities in even the smoothest of surfaces. Friction is highly useful. It enables us to walk and drive a car, among other things. Friction is also dissipative. That means it causes mechanical energy to be converted to heat. We’ll learn more about that later.

4 Microscopic View N Fpush f W (friction) Big view:
Surfaces look perfectly smooth. Fpush f (friction) Small view: Microscopic irregularities resist movement. Friction may or may not exist between two surfaces. If it exists, it opposes the direction object “wants” to slide. It is parallel to the surface.

5 Friction depends on the normal force.
The friction force that exists between two surfaces is directly proportional to the normal force. Increasing the normal force increases friction; decreasing the normal force decreases friction. This has several implications, such as… Friction on a sloping surface is less than friction on a flat surface (since the normal force is less on a slope). Increasing weight of an object increases the friction between the object and the surface it is resting on. Weighting down a car over the drive wheels increases the friction between the drive wheels and the road (which increases the car’s ability to accelerate).

6 Static Friction This type of friction occurs between two surfaces that are not slipping relative to each other. fs  sN fs : static frictional force (N) s: coefficient of static friction N: normal force (N)

7 fs < msN is an inequality!
The fact that the static friction equation is an inequality has important implications. Static friction between two surfaces is zero unless there is a force trying to make the surfaces slide on one another. Static friction can increase as the force trying to push an object increases until it reaches its maximum allowed value as defined by ms. Once the maximum value of static friction has been exceeded by an applied force, the surfaces begin to slide and the friction is no longer static friction.

8 Static friction and applied horizontal force
Physics N W Force Diagram surface There is no static friction since there is no applied horizontal force trying to slide the book on the surface.

9 Static friction and applied horizontal force
Physics N W Force Diagram F fs surface Static friction is equal to the applied horizontal force, and there is no movement of the book since SF = 0.

10 Static friction and applied horizontal force
Physics N W Force Diagram F fs surface Static friction is at its maximum value! It is still equal to F, but if F increases any more, the book will slide.

11 Static friction and applied horizontal force
Physics N W Force Diagram fk F surface Static friction cannot increase any more! The book accelerates to the right. Friction becomes kinetic friction, which is usually a smaller force.

12 Static friction on a ramp
surface fs N Physics Without friction, the book will slide down the ramp. If it stays in place, there is sufficient static friction holding it there. W = mg q At maximum angle before the book slides, let’s prove that ms = tanq.

13 Kinetic Friction This type of friction occurs between surfaces that are slipping past each other. fk = kN fk : kinetic frictional force (N) k: coefficient of kinetic friction N: normal force (N) Kinetic friction (sliding friction) is generally less than static friction (motionless friction) for most surfaces.

14 Sample Problem A 10-kg box rests on a ramp that is laying flat. The coefficient of static friction is 0.50, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.30. What is the maximum horizontal force that can be applied to the box before it begins to slide? What force is necessary to keep the box sliding at constant velocity?

15 Problem – Horizontal Ramp
A 10-kg wooden box rests on a ramp that is lying flat. The coefficient of static friction is 0.50, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is What is the friction force between the box and ramp if no force horizontal force is applied to the box? a 20 N horizontal force is applied to the box? a 60 N horizontal force is applied to the box?

16 Problem – Ramp at an Angle
A 10-kg wooden box rests on a wooden ramp. The coefficient of static friction is 0.50, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is What is the friction force between the box and ramp if the ramp is at a 25o angle? the ramp is at a 45o angle? what is the acceleration of the box when the ramp is at 45o?

17 Strings and Tension Springs
Monday, October 4, 2010 Strings and Tension Springs

18 Announcements Homework

19 Tension Tension is a pulling force that arises when a rope, string, or other long thin material resists being pulled apart without stretching significantly. Tension always pulls away from a body attached to a rope or string and toward the center of the rope or string.

20 A physical picture of tension
Imagine tension to be the internal force preventing a rope or string from being pulled apart. Tension as such arises from the center of the rope or string. It creates an equal and opposite force on objects attached to opposite ends of the rope or string.

21 Tension examples Note that the pulleys shown are magic! They do not affect the tension in any way, and serve only to bend the line of action of the force.

22 Tension Demo

23 Sample problem - Tension
A 1,500 kg crate hangs motionless from a crane cable. What is the tension in the cable? Ignore the mass of the cable. Suppose the crane accelerates the crate upward at 1.2 m/s2. What is the tension in the cable now?

24 Springs (Hooke’s Law) The magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is proportional to the amount it is stretched. F = -kx F: force exerted by the spring (N) k: force constant of the spring (N/m or N/cm) x: displacement from equilibrium (unstretched and uncompressed) position (m or cm) The direction of the force is back toward the equilibrium (or unstretched) position.

25 Sample problem 1 - Spring
A 1.50 kg object hangs motionless from a spring with a force constant of k = 250 N/m. How far is the spring stretched from its equilibrium length?

26 Sample Problem 2 - Spring
A 1.80 kg object is connected to a spring of force constant 120 N/m. How far is the spring stretched if it is used to drag the object across a floor at constant velocity? Assume the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.60.

27 Connected Objects Lot’s of Tension Today!

28 Announcements

29 Sample problem A 5.0 kg object (m1) is connected to a 10.0 kg object (m2) by a string. If a pulling force F of 20 N is applied to the 5.0 kg object as shown, A) what is the acceleration of the system? B) what is the tension in the string connecting the objects? (Assume a frictionless surface.)

30 Gravity A very common accelerating force is gravity. Here is gravity in action. The acceleration is g.

31 Slowing gravity down The pulley lets us use gravity as our accelerating force… but a lot slower than free fall. Acceleration here is a lot lower than g.

32 Magic pulleys on a flat table
Magic pulleys bend the line of action of the force without affecting tension. T m2g N m1g SF = ma m2g + T – T = (m1 + m2)a a = m2g/(m1+m2) -x x m1 Frictionless table m2

33 Sample problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a frictionless table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg). Find the acceleration of each block <Num 16>. the tension in the connecting string <Num 17>. m1 m2

34 Sample problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg). Find the minimum coefficient of static friction for which the blocks remain stationary <NUM 18>. m1 m2

35 Monday, October 8, 2007 More with Pulleys

36 Announcements HW #2 (FR#1) checked today.
HW #3 (FR #2) checked tomorrow. HW #4 (FR #3) checked Wednesday Clicker Questions: 19-22 Ranking Task Let’s go over HW #2

37 Pulleys and Ramps -- Together at Last!
Tuesday, October 9, 2007 Pulleys and Ramps -- Together at Last!

38 Announcements HW #3 (spring/pulley) checked today.
HW #4 (the dang monkey again!) checked tomorrow. HW #5 (ramp and pulley) checked Thursday.

39 Sample problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg). If ms = 0.30 and mk = 0.20, what is the acceleration of each block <NUM 23>? the tension in the connecting string<NUM 24>? m1 m2

40 This week’s lab… Determine coefficient of static friction for a block on a ramp. Determine coefficient of kinetic friction for a block on a ramp.

41 Magic pulleys on a ramp q
It’s a little more complicated when a magic pulley is installed on a ramp. m1g N T m2g m1gsinq m1gcosq SF = ma m2g -T + T – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a m2g – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a a = (m2 – m1sinq)g/(m1+m2) m1 m2 q

42 Sample problem Two blocks are connected by a string as shown in the figure. What is the acceleration, assuming there is no friction? 10 kg 5 kg 45o

43 Sample problem - solution
m1g N T m2g m1gsinq m1gcosq SF = ma m2g -T + T – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a m2g – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a a = (m2 – m1sinq)g/(m1+m2) a = [(5 – 10sin45o)(9.8)]/15 a = m/s2 10 kg 5 kg 45o

44 Sample problem - solution
m1g N T m2g m1gsinq m1gcosq SF = ma m2g -T + T – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a m2g – m1gsinq = (m1+m2)a a = (m2 – m1sinq)g/(m1+m2) a = [(5 – 10sin45o)(9.8)]/15 a = m/s2 10 kg 5 kg 45o How would this change if there is friction on the ramp?

45 Ranking Tasks What do you know about alignment of forces and magnitude of acceleration? What do you remember about elevators?

46 Uniform Circular Motion
Tuesday, October 17, 2006 Uniform Circular Motion

47 Uniform Circular Motion
An object that moves at uniform speed in a circle of constant radius is said to be in uniform circular motion. Question: Why is uniform circular motion accelerated motion? Answer: Although the speed is constant, the velocity is not constant since an object in uniform circular motion is continually changing direction.

48 Centrifugal Force Question: What is centrifugal force?
Answer: That’s easy. Centrifugal force is the force that flings an object in circular motion outward. Right? Wrong! Centrifugal force is a myth! There is no outward directed force in circular motion. To explain why this is the case, let’s review Newton’s 1st Law.

49 Newton’s 1st Law and cars
When a car accelerates forward suddenly, you as a passenger feel as if you are flung backward. You are in fact NOT flung backward. Your body’s inertia resists acceleration and wants to remain at rest as the car accelerates forward. When a car brakes suddenly, you as a passenger feel as if you are flung forward. You are NOT flung forward. Your body’s inertia resists acceleration and wants to remain at constant velocity as the car decelerates.

50 When a car turns You feel as if you are flung to the outside. You call this apparent, but nonexistent, force “centrifugal force”. You are NOT flung to the outside. Your inertia resists the inward acceleration and your body simply wants to keep moving in straight line motion! As with all other types of acceleration, your body feels as if it is being flung in the opposite direction of the actual acceleration. The force on your body, and the resulting acceleration, actually point inward.

51 Centripetal Acceleration
Centripetal (or center-seeking) acceleration points toward the center of the circle and keeps an object moving in circular motion. This type of acceleration is at right angles to the velocity. This type of acceleration doesn’t speed up an object, or slow it down, it just turns the object.

52 Centripetal Acceleration
ac = v2/r ac: centripetal acceleration in m/s2 v: tangential speed in m/s r: radius in meters v ac Centripetal acceleration always points toward center of circle!

53 Centripetal Force Always toward center of circle!
A force responsible for centripetal acceleration is referred to as a centripetal force. Centripetal force is simply mass times centripetal acceleration. Fc = m ac Fc = m v2 / r Fc: centripetal force in N v: tangential speed in m/s r: radius in meters Fc Always toward center of circle!

54 Any force can be centripetal
The name “centripetal” can be applied to any force in situations when that force is causing an object to move in a circle. You can identify the real force or combination of forces which are causing the centripetal acceleration. Any kind of force can act as a centripetal force.

55 Static friction As a car makes a turn on a flat road, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

56 Tension As a weight is tied to a string and spun in a circle, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

57 Gravity As the moon orbits the Earth, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

58 Normal force with help from static friction
As a racecar turns on a banked curve on a racing track, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

59 Tension, with some help from gravity
As you swing a mace in a vertical circle, what is the true identity of the centripetal force?

60 Gravity, with some help from the normal force
When you are riding the Tennessee Tornado at Dollywood, what is the real identity of the centripetal force when you are on a vertical loop?

61 Sample problem A 1200-kg car rounds a corner of radius r = 45 m. If the coefficient of static friction between tires and the road is 0.93 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between tires and the road is 0.75, what is the maximum velocity the car can have without skidding?

62 Thursday, October 19, 2006 Class workday

63 Friday, October 20, 2006 Inquiry Based Lab

64 Announcements HW due TODAY: Newton’s #3-#6.
Full lab report from Monday’s lab. My room will be unavailable at lunch today, as I will be writing letters of recommendation. I will be available every morning but Thursday.

65 Centripetal Force and Friction Lab
Using only the hand strobe, a penny, stopwatch, chalk, and ruler, determine the coefficient of friction between a penny and the hand strobe. Rules, hints, and tips: You may write on the hand strobe with the chalk. You must use centripetal force in your analysis. Can you spin the hand strobe at a gradually increasing rate? Can you spin the hand strobe at a constant rate? The lowest rotational speed necessary to make the penny fly off the hand strobe is an important number! How will you measure this speed with high accuracy? One report per group (handwritten) is due at the end of class. It should include a procedure, a good free body diagram, all data you collect, and a clear Newton’s 2nd Law analysis. Names of group members must be on the report. You will be graded on how well you develop a procedure to do this analysis correctly, your application of Newton’s 2nd Law, and your results.

66 Begin Exam Review for Newton’s Laws II
Monday, October 30, 2006 Begin Exam Review for Newton’s Laws II

67 Announcements Federal Forms – does anyone have them.
Free response exam Wednesday. Lunch bunch resumes Wednesday. Today, we will review Newton’s Laws by starting the packet. This MUST be completed by tomorrow when you come to class if you are going to be allowed to correct the free response exam given on Wednesday.

68 Sample problem You whirl a 2.0 kg stone in a horizontal circle about your head. The rope attached to the stone is 1.5 m long. a) What is the tension in the rope? (The rope makes a 10o angle with the horizontal). b) How fast is the stone moving?

69 Monday, October 31, 2006 Exam Review

70 Announcements Federal Forms – does anyone have them?
Free response exam tomorrow. Get out your free response packet for my inspection.


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