1. Module: IMAGING AND REFERRAL
IR(ME)R

2. M.Tech:Chiropractic (RSA)
DR. GAIL REES-JONES
M.Tech:Chiropractic (RSA)

3. Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations [IR(ME)R]
Why is it so important?
Need regulations to keep away the …

5. The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 [IR(ME)R].
Purpose of Directive
Duty Holders
Employer
Practitioner
Referrer
Operator
Principles
Justification
Optimization
Limitation
Ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulations 2000

6. IR(ME)R
In 1997 the Council of the European Union (EU) issued a directive that came into force
in the United Kingdom on 13 May 2000 through the provisions of the Ionising
Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 [IR(ME)R].

7. Purpose of the Directive:
Protection of individuals in relation to radiographic exposure as part of their:
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Occupational health surveillance
Health screening
Research
Medico-legal procedures

8. Duty Holders – IR(ME)R 2000 Employer Referrer Practitioner Operator
Request Justify Do

9. Duty Holders – IR(ME)R 2000 Employer “CHIROPRACTIC HEALTH CLINIC” Referrer Practitioner Operator

10. Employer (NHS Trust/Chiropractic Clinic)
Identify and record duty holders
RPA (Radiation Protection Advisor)
RPS (Radiation Protection Supervisor)
Ensure appropriate education, training and supervision of staff
Establishing referral criteria and systems for justifying examinations/procedures
Written protocols for every standard examination of equipment (e.g. reference levels (DRL’s)
Assessment of patient dose
Investigate incidents

11. Referrer Responsible for providing clinical reasons for the
requested examination/s.
Decisions on who is entitled to act as a referrer should be taken at local level by agreement between the employer and the healthcare professionals involved in medical exposures.
The range of procedures that can be requested by a referrer should be agreed locally between the referrer and the employer of the radiological installation.

12. Practitioner
Decisions on who is entitled to act as a practitioner should be taken at local level by agreement between the employer and the healthcare professionals involved in medical exposures.
The primary responsibility of the practitioner is to JUSTIFY medical exposures. This requires the practitioner to have a full knowledge of the potential benefit and detriment associated with the procedure under consideration.

13. Operator
An operator is anyone who carries out a “practical aspect”.
The range of functions covered by this term is
extensive and includes the supporting functions prior to
the exposure taking place (e.g. the calibration of equipment that emits ionising radiation, the preparation of
radioactive medicinal products etc), as well as of performing the exposure itself.

14. Duty Holders Is there always a referrer?
Can individuals fulfill more than one role?

15. Principles
Justification Optimization Limitations

16. Justification
2.1. The Medical Exposures Directive requires that all medical exposures to ionising radiation must be justified prior to the exposure being made.
Risk/Benefit:
The benefit of the radiation exposure should be greater
than the risk of using it.
When applied directly to the exposure of patients;
each particular medical practice in a department must be
justified twofold:
As a general procedure (IRR 99)
As regards the individual patient (IR(ME)R 2000

17. BENEFITS VS RISKS:

18. Justification & Pregnancy
“28 day rule” for routine radiographic examinations
“10 day rule” for high-dose procedures, such as barium
enemas, abdominal or pelvic CT, and Nuclear Medicine
Special case where individual justification is needed

19. 28 Day Rule:
Menstrual cycle varies, generally 28 days. If patient is to be exposed to ionising radiation for diagnostic purposes and the patient is of child-bearing age, postpone exposure for 28 days from first day of menstrual cycle to next to rule out pregnancy.
10 Day Rule:
If patient is to be exposed to ionising radiation for diagnostic purposes If patient is to be exposed to ionising radiation for diagnostic purposes and the patient is of child-bearing age, she should be booked in the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle, when conception is unlikely to have occurred.

20. Advice from National Radiological Protection Board:
Radiation doses resulting from most diagnostic procedures in an individual pregnancy present no substantial risk of
causing fetal death or malformation or impairment of mental development.
Procedures giving the greatest foetal exposure are:
Barium Enemas
Pelvic and Abdominal CT scans
Nuclear Medicine
[Most sensitive time period for CNS teratogenesis is between 10-17weeks.]

21. Special Cases:
A patient at 19 weeks of gestation presented with flank pain and microscopic hematuria. She was diagnosed with pyelonephritis and treated with parenteral antibiotics. Her flank pain progressed despite antibiotic treatment, necessitating a renal ultrasound examination, which was inconclusive. An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) was ordered, but the radiologist refused to perform the study because of concern about radiation exposure to the fetus. Despite further discussion, the study was denied until a perinatologist verified the appropriateness and relative safety of the study.
The IVP revealed two stones, and the patient eventually required ureteral stent placement. Despite treatment, she had progressive renal disease with obstruction, requiring induction of labor at 35 weeks of gestation. At birth, her infant was healthy and weighed an age-appropriate 2,500 g (5 lb, 8 oz).

22. Justification When might an individual exposure be unjustified?
What do you do if an individual falls outside the anticipated selection procedure?
What do you do if the patient has been examined radiologically at another hospital recently for the same condition?

23. RADIATION PROTECTION 118 “Referral guidelines for imaging”
Justification
Chief causes of wasteful use of radiology:
Repeating investigations which have already been done
Investigation when results are unlikely to affect patient management
Investigating too often
Doing the wrong investigation
Failing to provide appropriate clinical information and questions that the imaging investigation should answer.
Over-investigating.
RADIATION PROTECTION 118 “Referral guidelines for imaging”

24. Optimization
9.1. Regulation 7 provides for the optimisation process which involves ensuring that doses arising from
exposures are kept as low as reasonably practicable.
ALARP
Reducing number of images taken of a patient
Dose-reducing equipment
Good technique
Quality Assurance Program
Adequate training

25. Limitation Legal dose limits for workers and members of the public
ensuring that no deterministic effects are produced and
probability of stochastic effects is reasonably low.
diagnostic reference levels for each standard
radiological investigation
Staff: 20mSv per year whole body dose. Not to exceed
100mSv over 5 year period
Trainees/Students: 6mSv per year whole body dose
Members of the public/foetus: 1mSv per year

26. Individual Responsibilities