1. FRONTAL WEATHER Property of Lear Siegler

2. ELO 1: Action: The student will identify the characteristics common to all fronts. Condition: Given pertinent information about fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-1, 10-2

3. FRONT - BOUNDARY BETWEEN AIR MASSES OF DIFFERENT DENSITY COLD WARM Property of Lear Siegler

4. H H L cP mT

5. Frontal weather is caused by the lifting of warm moist air by colder more dense air. ALL FRONTS HAVE A TEMPERATURE INVERSION

7. Property of Lear Siegler

10. FRONTAL DISCONTINUITIES TEMPERATURE DEWPOINT PRESSURE “FALL THEN RISE” WIND SHIFT : APPROX 90° DRIFT CORRECTION TO THE RIGHT Property of Lear Siegler

15. Cold Front Warm Front

16. ELO 2: Action: The student will identify the general characteristics of a cold front. Condition: Given pertinent information about cold fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-3

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COLD FRONT Slope Clouds Width of weather band Winds Direction of movement Speed Symbol

18. CUMULONIMBUS 10,000’ 15,000’ 20,000’ 25,000’ Property of Lear Siegler

21. a. Slope -1:80 b. Cumuliform clouds c. 50 mile wide band of coverage d. Winds NW behind front, SW ahead e. Moves southeast f. 25 knots average speed Property of Lear Siegler

22. a.Average Slope – 1:80

23. 25 kts Steep Slope 1:50

24. 25 kts Shallow Slope 1:100

25. a. Slope -1:80 b. Cumuliform clouds c. 50 mile wide band of coverage d. Winds NW behind front, SW ahead e. Moves southeast f. 25 knots average speed 25 kts

26. a. Average Slope -1:80 b. Cumuliform clouds c. 50 mile wide band of coverage d. Winds NW behind front, SW ahead e. Moves southeast f. 25 knots average speed

27. Possible hail, destructive winds, and tornadoes Squall Line

28. Property of Lear Siegler

30. SQUALL LINE Property of Lear Siegler

33. Squall Line

58. ELO 3: Action: The student will identify the general characteristics of a warm fronts. Condition: Given pertinent information about warm fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-4

59. CHARACTERISTICS OF A WARM FRONT Slope Clouds Width of weather band Winds Direction of movement Speed Symbol

61. a. Slope - 1:200 b. Stratiform clouds predominate c. 400-600 mile band of coverage d. Wind SW behind, SE ahead of the front e. Moves Northeast f. 15kts avg speed ST NS AS CS

63. Unstable Warm Front Property of Lear Siegler

64. a. Slope - 1:200 b. Stratiform clouds predominate Property of Lear Siegler

65. Stratus nimbo -

67. a. Slope - 1:200 b. Stratiform clouds predominate c. 400-600 mile band of coverage d. Wind SW behind, SE ahead of the front e. Moves Northeast f. 15kts avg speed 15 kts

68. a. Slope - 1:200b. Stratiform clouds predominate c. 400-600 mile band of coverage d. Wind SW behind, SE ahead of the front e. Moves Northeast f. 15kts avg speed

69. a. Slope - 1:200 b. Stratiform clouds predominate c. 400-600 mile band of coverage d. Wind SW behind, SE ahead of the front e. Moves Northeast f. 15kts avg speed Property of Lear Siegler

71. Cold Air Moving Southward Receding Cold Air

73. ELO 4: Action: The student will identify the general characteristics of a stationary front. Condition: Given pertinent information about stationary fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-6

74. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STATIONARY FRONT Slope – 1:200 Clouds - Stratiform Width of weather band – 400 to 600 miles Winds – 180 o wind shift Symbol

75. Stationary Front Property of Lear Siegler

76. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STATIONARY FRONT Slope – 1:200 Clouds - Stratiform Width of weather band – 400 to 600 miles Winds – 180 o wind shift Symbol Direction of movement – unpredictable Speed – 0 to 5 knots

79. Stationary Front Property of Lear Siegler

80. ELO 5: Action: The student will identify the characteristics of an open wave. Condition: Given pertinent information about open waves Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-7

81. OPEN WAVE

82. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave

83. Property of Lear Siegler

86. Open Wave

87. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave

88. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave

96. ELO 6: Action: The student will identify characteristics of an occluded front. Condition: Given pertinent information about occluded fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-5

97. Occlusion in Action…

100. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave 5 o C 10 o C

101. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

102. Property of Lear Siegler Cold Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

103. Property of Lear Siegler Cold Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

104. Open Wave Warmer Air Cold Front Warm Front 5 o C 10 o C

105. Open Wave Warmer Air “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge” 5 o C 10 o C

106. Open Wave Warmer Air “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge” 5 o C 10 o C 25 kts 15 kts

107. Cold Occlusion Warmer Air “Leading Edge” 5 o C “Trailing Edge” 10 o C

108. Cold Occlusion Warmer Air “Leading Edge” 5 o C “Trailing Edge” 10 o C

109. Cold Occlusion Warmer Air 10 o C 5 o C COLD FRONT “Leading Edge” WARM FRONT 25 kts 15 kts “Trailing Edge”

110. Cold Occlusion Warmer Air 10 o C “Trailing Edge” 5 o C “Leading Edge”

111. Cold Occlusion “Trailing Edge” 10 o C “Leading Edge” 5 o C Warmer Air

112. Cold Occlusion Warmer Air “Leading Edge” 5 o C “Trailing Edge” 10 o C

113. 15 kts 25 kts 5oC5oC Cold Front Warm Front 10 o C Open Wave Trailing Edge Leading Edge

114. 25 kts 15 kts 5oC5oC 10 o C Cold Occlusion

116. Property of Lear Siegler Cold Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C Stratocumulus Nimbostratus Altostratus Cumulonimbus Rain and Fog

117. Property of Lear Siegler Cold Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C Warm Air

130. 15 kts 25 kts 10 o C Cold Front Warm Front 5oC5oC Open Wave Trailing Edge Leading Edge

131. 25 kts 15 kts Warm Occlusion 10 o C 5oC5oC

132. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave 5 o C 10 o C

133. Property of Lear Siegler Open Wave 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

134. Property of Lear Siegler Warm Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

135. Property of Lear Siegler Warm Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C “Leading Edge” “Trailing Edge”

136. Property of Lear Siegler Warm Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C Stratocumulus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus Rain and Fog

137. Property of Lear Siegler Warm Occlusion 5 o C 10 o C

138. Cold front occlusion – most severe weather above occlusion Warm front occlusion – most severe weather ahead of occlusion

139. Occlusions have the most violent weather of all fronts.

140. Cold front occlusion – most severe weather above occlusion Cold Occlusion

141. Warm front occlusion – most severe weather ahead of occlusion

148. ELO 7: Action: The student will identify the proper flight procedures to use when dealing with frontal weather while conducting flight operations. Condition: Given pertinent information about frontal weather conditions Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5

149. FRONTAL FLIGHT PROCEDURES Cold fronts and squall lines Warm fronts Stationary fronts Open wave Occluded fronts - WARNING !!!

151. ELO 8: Action: The student will identify the indications of frontal passage. Condition: Given pertinent information about fronts Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 10-2

152. FRONTAL PASSAGE On the ground – wind shift and temperature change In flight – OAT gauge – best indication Drift correction to the right

153. Safety First…

156. KOZR Route A Route C Route B KPNS

157. KOZR Route C KPNS

158. ROY G. BIV

161. FM 1-230 References for today Frontal Weather Chapter 10

162. FM 1-230 References for tomorrow… Mountain Waves 6-9 (d) Turbulence Chapter 11 Thunderstorms Chapter 12 Icing Chapter 14 Fog Chapter 15

163. The end

164. Ci Cs As Ns St WARM FRONT 0100 200 300 400 500 MILES Property of Lear Siegler

166. STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone