1. Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles
March 7, 1936 re-occupies the Rhineland
Important turning point for Hitler
Allies don’t respond – Appeasement
USA Neutrality Acts
No sale of arms to nations at war
No Americans can travel to warring nations
No loans to nations at war

2. Warm Up 5/22
Why did many Japanese feel dissatisfied with the multi-party democratic system?
How did Tojo used nationalism to rise to power in the late 1920s early 1930s in Japan?
Why did Japan seize Manchuria in ?
Why was March 7, 1936 another “turning point” for Hitler?

3. Hitler continued to expand
2nd target Austria (march 1938)
next target Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland)
Demands people are given self rule
Neville Chamberlain (G.B.) convinces Czech. Govt to give in – Appeasement
Hitler takes all of Czech.
Munich Agreement – Sept. 28, 1938
Hitler promises not more territorial gains
“Peace in our time”
Appeasement

11. Hitler prepares of War
By Fall ‘39 Hitler demands Polish Corridor (Danzig)
Britain and France pledge to defend it
Aug. ‘39 Germany & USSR sign 10 year non-aggression pact (Nazi/Soviet) – shocks world
Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
By end of Sept. Germany takes Poland w/ Blitzkrieg
divides it with USSR – France and Britain mobilize for war

16. Stalin takes Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania, & Finland
Germany overwhelms Scandinavia on April 9, 1940 attacking Denmark and Norway (airbases)
USA “Cash and Carry” legislation

17. Germany blitzes west
1940 Chamberlain forced to resign because of appeasement – Winston Churchill takes over
France prepares for war (Maginot Line) – thought war would be like WWI, not prepared for blitzkrieg and tanks
May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks France through Belgium, Lux., and Neth.
Allies pushed back to N. France & English channel (Evacuation of Dunkirk May 28 to June 4)

21. The Fall of France
June 10, 1940 Italy declares war and attacks France from south.
Germany closes from north – France is doomed!
June 22, 1940 France surrenders
Germany occupies northern 2/3 of France
Marshall Henri Petain occupies southern 1/3 (Vichy France)
Underground resistance led by Charles de Gaulle

25. Germany Attacks Great Britain
Summer 1940 Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain starts in July 1940 last 6 months
Air battle RAF vs. Luftwaffe
1,200 Germany fighter & 1,300 bombers vs. 700 British fighters
Britain’s 2 secret weapons – RADAR & ULTRA
Britain bombs back in late Aug. – Hitler hits major cities & civilians people die per day/1,000-3,000 injured
By the end of 1940 Hitler reluctantly gives up

31. America increases aid to Allies
Lend-Lease Act march 1941
US gives Britain 50 destroyers to fight “wolf packs”
Congress approves Selective Service Act = lifts spirits of British
US begins undeclared naval battle with Germany when Kearney & Rueben James are sunk Oct. 1941, 100 Americans die
Battle of the Atlantic

32. Hitler invades the USSR
Operation Barbarrosa
April 1941 all of SE Europe forced to join Germany
June 22, 1941 Germany invades USSR = surprises Red Army
Goals: take Leningrad in North, Moscow in middle, Stalingrad in South
Germany gets to goals but cannot take them = winter sets in, & Russians refuse to surrender

34. Japan conquers an Asian Empire
War with China continues since ’37
Japan joins the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Sept ’40 (US begins to brake diplomatic relations)
US begins to cut down exports of gas, scrap metal, & steel
To replace these materials Japan wants S.E. Asian lands rich in oil, iron, tin, rubber (threat to US interests)
Vital supplies needed to fight war with China

35. July 1941, Japan overruns French Indochina – US orders a total embargo
Japan refuses to end war with China
US brakes Japanese Code (MAGIC) – attack imminent, but where?
Late Nov. ‘41 Japanese fleet sets sail

37. Pearl Harbor
Sunday Dec. 7, 1941 “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on the Island of Oahu in Hawaii
2 hours 18 American ships sunk (8 battleships)
2,403 die, 1000’s wounded
Next day (Dec. 8) US declares war = Axis declares war on US (Dec. 11) & Allies form; UK, USSR, USA

38. Japanese pilots take final preparations

39. Admiral Nagumo

40. Mitsuo Fuchida

41. Admiral Yamamoto

42. Burning ships in Pearl Harbor Dry Docks

43. Wheeler Air Field

44. USS West Virginia

45. USS Arizona

46. USS Shaw

47. Map of Battleship Row

48. USS Arizona Memorial

49. Allies turn the tide of war
Japan then overruns the Pacific by Dec. ‘42 winning war in Pacific
May ‘42 Battle of Coral Sea (Australia is saved)
June 3, ‘42 Battle of Midway – Turning point in pacific – Admiral Nimitz
Allies go on offensive “island hoping” starts at Guadalcanal in Solomon Isl. Aug. 7
Gen. Douglas MacArthur

51. Gen. Douglas MacArthur

52. Allies launched a drive to victory
Battle of the Atlantic being won by Allies
North Africa dominated by Germans led by Gen. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”
Allies push back at Suez Canal and El Alamein led by British Gen. Bernard Montgomery
Turning point in Northern Africa

54. Gen. Erwin Rommel

55. Gen. Bernard Montgomery

56. Operation Torch
American’s led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower pushed from west and trapped the Axis at Tunisia
Next move to attack Axis through Italy
The “soft underbelly” of the Axis powers

57. Dwight Eisenhower

58. Invasion of Italy

59. Soviet Forces take the offensive
Most violent fighting of WWII on eastern front outside Moscow and Leningrad
Battle of Stalingrad Aug – turning point on eastern front
By winter German have control of Stalin’s prize city
Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov leads counter attack surrounds city and cuts supply lines

60. German’s surrender on Jan. 31, 1943 against Hitler’s wishes
Put’s Germany on defensive = beaten back to Poland
Fall of Third Reich coming

64. Fascist Rule crumbles in Italy
July 9, 1943 Allies invade Italy at beaches of Sicily led by American Gen. George Patton & British Gen. Montgomery
Stuns people and they turn on Mussolini
Forced from power July 25, 1943, arrested

65. Gen. George Patton

66. Pietro Badoglio takes power and turns on Hitler
Pietro Badoglio takes power and turns on Hitler! Surrenders Sept 3, 1943
Germans would occupy Northern Italy and defend it for two years
Rome falls June 3, 1944 – Germany starts to collapse!

67. The Allies Invade France
Operation Overlord
Allied force of 2 million assemble in England for invasion with another million ready for sea and air support
Germany knew invasion was coming – Allies go to great lengths to fool Germans as to location (Port of Calais)
Fooled Hitler’s generals – not Hitler – he thought Normandy

70. Hitler gives in and fortifies Calais
D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 (history’s largest amphibious assault)
Shortly after midnight 23,000 airborne troops (2 Am., 1 Brit.) parachute/glide into France and began the attack
6:30 AM over 4,000 ships hit the beaches of Normandy Omaha and Utah, British & Canadian at Sword, June, and Gold)
After 5 days Allies hold a strip of France 80 miles long
Less than 3 weeks later 1 million men on shore and pushing inland (St. Lo and Caen)

80. The German Reich Collapsed
July 20th, 1944 Operation Valkyre fails
Aug. 24th, 1944 Allies liberate Paris, France (Patton leading the way)

81. Gen. Klaus von Stauffenberg

82. Liberation of France

84. Battle of the Bulge
Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge begins in the Ardennes Region of Belgium and Lux.
Last ditch German offensive had early success but unable to take key city of Bastogne
Allies hold and defeat Germans by Jan. ’45
Largest battle ever fought by US Army; 600,000 GIs, 80,000 killed/wounded. Germans lost 100,000.

89. Hitler now fighting and losing the war on 3 fronts but refuses to surrender
Mussolini is assassinated April 28, 1945
Hitler commits suicide on April 29, 1945 as Soviets close in on Berlin
Admiral Karl Donitz takes over discusses peace
Soviets take Berlin next day April 30, 1945
Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 V-E Day
FDR dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman takes over

90. VE Day

92. President Truman

93. A Final Horror in the Pacific
By ‘45 MacArthur and Allies have most of pacific back. Liberates Philippines.
Feb. ’45 Iwo Jima (bloodiest battle) & Okinawa (last battle) open path to Japan
Japan refuses to surrender goes to kamikaze tactics
America begins heavy bombing of Japan
March 9, 1945 Tokyo

94. Iwo Jima – Mt. Suribachi

95. The flag flies at Mt. Suribachi

96. Fire Bombing of Tokyo

98. Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb
Robert J. Oppenheimer
July 16, 1945 Successful test in NM
July 26, 1945 Truman warns Japan of “prompt & utter destruction”
Aug. 6, 1945 The Enola Gay (B-29 Bomber) drops “little Boy” on Hiroshima
2/3 of city instantly destroyed 80,000 die
Aug. 9, 1945 “fat man” dropped on Nagasaki 40,000 die

107. Japan surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 after Emperor overrule of war council
WWII is over

108. Toll of War Economic costs: USA = 288 billion U.K. = 117 billion
France = billion
USSR = 93 billion
Germany = billion
Japan = 41.3 billion
Death Tolls…

109. The Homefront People pay a heavy price – war fought in towns/cities
Mobilizing for war”
Factories convert to war time production (WPB)
Rationing
War stamps & bonds to help finance war
Propaganda in all countries
U.S. Japanese internment camps

110. Japanese Internment

112. The Holocaust – Phase One = Isolate the Jew
“Aryan” race proclaimed “master race”
Anti-Semitic propaganda blames Jews for Germany’s problems
Boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)
Nuremburg Laws (1935)
Kristallnacht (1938)
Jews flee Germany – flood of Jewish refugees

113. The Holocaust – Phase Two = Extermination
Jewish Ghetto’s (1939)
Wannsee Conference Jan. 20, 1942
Reinhard Heydrich & Hinrich Himmler
Deportations throughout Germany (‘42-’45)
Einsatzgrupen
Death Camp’s – gas chambers – crematorium
Final Solution = Genocide (‘42-’45) 6 million Jews murdered

114. Reinhard Heydrich

128. The Holocaust Liberation (‘44-’45) 300,000 Jews freed
Resistance – Jewish Fighting Organization in Warsaw (’43)
Treblinka, Poland uprising (Aug. ‘43) – camp closed

129. Post War Issues Approx. 50 million dead 50 million homes lost
Europe in ruins (agriculture and industry)
Many die from famine and disease
Political unrest / instability

130. Nuremberg Trials 1946
1st time in history leaders held accountable for actions during war time.
Nazi leaders rounded up and convicted of…
“Crimes against humanity”
22 defendants, 12 sentenced to death
200 eventually convicted of “war crimes”
Operation “Last Chance” led by Efraim Zuroff, Israel director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center continues today.

132. Important meetings Yalta Conference Feb. ‘45 Big three meet
July ‘45 Potsdamn
Germany divided into 4 zones
Beginning of Cold War

133. The Big Three