1. The Bureaucracy and Policymaking Bureaucrats put government policy into practice – hence a large impact on policymaking Congress and POTUS must work with the bureaucracy –Controlling is difficult:

2. Administrative Adjudication administrative adjudication

3. Deregulation and Reregulation Since the late 1970s the federal government has often removed regulations established by earlier administrations = The usually carries out by federal bureaucracy –Ex. the late 1970s and early 1980s, the airline industry was deregulated significantly increasing competition and lowering prices When the federal government changes its regulations significantly =

4. Bureaucrats as Policymakers Iron triangles

5. Issue Networks is a group of individuals who support a specific policy, not a broader issue = The three parts of the iron triangle are often parts of a single issue network, but other people may also be a part of the network, including experts, scholars, and the media The influence of issue networks is similar to that of iron triangles: By working together, members of an issue network can shape and determine policy.