1. http://research.microsoft.com/contracts

2. public int Abs(int x) { if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; } public int Abs(int x) { if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; } Little reminder: -(-2 31 )== -2 31 Little reminder: -(-2 31 )== -2 31

5. public int Abs(int x) { Contract.Requires(x != Int32.MinValue); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result () >= 0); if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; } public int Abs(int x) { Contract.Requires(x != Int32.MinValue); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result () >= 0); if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; }

13. Expression Reconstruction Heap Analysis Destack

14. public class Alias { int x; public void Foo(bool b) { Contract.Ensures(tmp.x >= -20); Alias tmp = new Alias(); tmp.x = -11; Alias alias = tmp; if(b) { alias.x = 10; } public class Alias { int x; public void Foo(bool b) { Contract.Ensures(tmp.x >= -20); Alias tmp = new Alias(); tmp.x = -11; Alias alias = tmp; if(b) { alias.x = 10; } public class Alias { public void Foo(bool b) { int svX = -11; assume (b) { svX = 10; } assert (svX >= -20); } public class Alias { public void Foo(bool b) { int svX = -11; assume (b) { svX = 10; } assert (svX >= -20); }

16. public class Alias { public void Foo(int f, int max) { int x = 0; while (x < max) { x++; } Contract.Assert(x >= -20); } public class Alias { public void Foo(int f, int max) { int x = 0; while (x < max) { x++; } Contract.Assert(x >= -20); } Infer x ∈ [0, +oo] Check: Ok! No overflow!

17. public enum ItalianBikeBrand { DeRosa=0, Colnago=2, Pinarello=4, Daccordi=6 } public string CityFor(ItalianBikeBrand bike) { switch(bike) { case ItalianBikeBrand.DeRosa: return "Milan"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Daccordi: return "Pisa"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Pinarello: return "Treviso"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Colnago: return "Milan"; default: Contract.Assert(false); // Should prove unreachable return null; } public enum ItalianBikeBrand { DeRosa=0, Colnago=2, Pinarello=4, Daccordi=6 } public string CityFor(ItalianBikeBrand bike) { switch(bike) { case ItalianBikeBrand.DeRosa: return "Milan"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Daccordi: return "Pisa"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Pinarello: return "Treviso"; case ItalianBikeBrand.Colnago: return "Milan"; default: Contract.Assert(false); // Should prove unreachable return null; } DisIntervals infer [1,1] [3,3] [5,5] [7, + [-∞,-1] [1,1] [3,3] [5,5] [7, +∞] DisIntervals infer [1,1] [3,3] [5,5] [7, + [-∞,-1] [1,1] [3,3] [5,5] [7, +∞] Check: Check: ⊥ Admissible values [0,0] [2,2] [4,4] [6,6] Admissible values [0,0] [2,2] [4,4] [6,6]

19. public static void F() { int x = 5, y = 100; while (x >= 0) { x = x - 1; y = y + 10; } Contract.Assert(y == 160); } public static void F() { int x = 5, y = 100; while (x >= 0) { x = x - 1; y = y + 10; } Contract.Assert(y == 160); } Linear equalities 10 * x + y == 150 Linear equalities 10 * x + y == 150 Check: ok! Intervals infer x ∈ [-1, -1] y ∈ [100, +∞] Intervals infer x ∈ [-1, -1] y ∈ [100, +∞]

20. public void Count(int[] values) { int neg = 0, pos = 0, j= 0; foreach (var x in values) { if (x < 0) { neg++; j++; } else if (x > 0) { pos++; j++; } } Contract.Assert(neg + pos == j); Contract.Assert(neg + pos <= values.Length); } public void Count(int[] values) { int neg = 0, pos = 0, j= 0; foreach (var x in values) { if (x < 0) { neg++; j++; } else if (x > 0) { pos++; j++; } } Contract.Assert(neg + pos == j); Contract.Assert(neg + pos <= values.Length); } Proven by Linear equalities Proven by SubPolyhedra

25. assume x == yx = 0; y = 1 assert x<= y 〈 x - y == 0, T 〉 〈 T, x ∈ [0,0] ⋀ y ∈ [1,1] 〉 〈 T, T 〉 〈 x - y == β, β ∈ [- 1, 0] 〉

27. Precision/ Cost Hints for Join/Widening Reduction algorithm, Basis exploration Simplex with floats Exact Simplex …. No Hint Die-Hard Semantic hints 2D Convex hull ….

28. Abstract Domain AD1 Abstract Domain AD2 Abstract Domain AD3

29. public void Init(int N) { Contract.Requires(N > 0); int[] a = new int[N]; int i = 0; while (i < N) { a[i] = 222; i = i + 1; } Contract.Assert( ∀ k ∈ [0, N). a[k] == 222); } public void Init(int N) { Contract.Requires(N > 0); int[] a = new int[N]; int i = 0; while (i < N) { a[i] = 222; i = i + 1; } Contract.Assert( ∀ k ∈ [0, N). a[k] == 222); } If i == 0 then a not initialized a not initialized else if i > 0 a[0] == … a[i] == 222 a[0] == … a[i] == 222else impossible impossible If i == 0 then a not initialized a not initialized else if i > 0 a[0] == … a[i] == 222 a[0] == … a[i] == 222else impossible impossible Challenge 1: Effective handling of disjunction Challenge 1: Effective handling of disjunction Challenge 2: Infer all the elements initialized Challenge 2: Infer all the elements initialized

31. [222, 222] 00 i, k [0, 0] NN Segment bounds Uniform content abstraction ?? 0 i, 0 k 0 ≤ i, 0 ≤ k i == i == k i < N, k N i < N, k < N DisjunctionDisjunction

32. public static int[] Factory(int len) { return new int[len]; } public static int[] Factory(int len) { return new int[len]; }