1. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning Click here for the session on Click here for the session on GENE THERAPY

2. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Cloning Cloning is a technique of creating a copy of living matter - a cell or organism. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones clone The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants. In 1963 J. B. S. Haldane [ British biologist ] use the word clone in reference to animals.

3. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Scientists initially made cloned cells in the laboratory by letting a single cell divide into a population of genetically identical cells. In this process scientists put the original cell in a laboratory dish containing culture medium. The cell’s natural process of mitosis then produces genetically identical offspring. This process mimics how cells multiply, for instance, in plants and in the human body CLONING: a prelude

4. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Scientists later developed more complex cloning techniques using animal embryos. Every cell in an animal arises from a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg divides to form an embryo, and each cell in the embryo has the same genetic makeup. At some point in the embryo’s growth and development, cells differentiate and become specialized. For instance, a heart cell only functions in the heart and not the liver, even though the genes of a heart cell and liver cell are the same. CLONING: a prelude

5. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT JOHN GURDON’s EXPERIMENTS The experiment reveals that cells from different parts of the embryo differed in the degree of successful development on nuclear transplantation The older the individual the nuclei were taken, less the recipient egg cells was able to develop normally. Cells of embryos at a later stage of development switch over from totipotent to pluripotent state.

6. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT

7. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT CLONING method

8. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT CLONING method

9. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT TOTIPOTENCY refers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise to all the different cell types in the body PLURIPOTENCY refers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise the unique cell types / tissues in the body

10. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT

11. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT CLONING: types Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

12. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Cloning: therapeutic

13. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Cloning: reproductive Cloning: therapeutic Cloning of Sheep Cloning of Sheep [ Mechanism] Cloning of specific Cells /Tissues

14. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Cloning of Pine tree

15. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Merits of Cloning: the endangered and extinct animals can be saved or retained. help to maintain biodiversity. solves transplantation problems, tissue incompatibility, tissue rejection, harmful immune reactions. will produce advances in medicine, biological research, and industry

16. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT Demerits of Cloning: Highly costlier, More ethical issues. Clones have discrepancies, incompatibility, tissue rejection, harmful immune reactions. negative unwanted results may occur due by crooked minded people

17. An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.. Modern Genetics: Cloning EXIT

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