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Published byGloria Lippincott Modified over 10 years ago
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Department of Medicine Manipal College of Medical Sciences
PNEUMOTHORAX ALOK SINHA Department of Medicine Manipal College of Medical Sciences Pokhara, Nepal
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Defined as the presence of air in the pleural cavity
Negative intrapleural pressure: ~ 5mm
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PNEUMOTHORAX Spontaneous: Secondary: 1. Primary spontaneous P.
2. Secondary spontaneous P. Secondary: Iatrogenic traumatic
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Primary spontaneous pneumothoraces
Do not have overt parenchymal disease increased shear forces in the apex commonly are smokers & tall young males risk much more pronounced in female smokers Genetic factors - Marfan’s syndrome Defect of connective tissue
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High arched palate
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Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces (SSP)
occur in the presence of lung disease COPD Tuberculosis sarcoidosis cystic fibrosis malignancy idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [PCP]) in patients with AIDS Sub pleural focus rupturing in pleural cavity
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a complication of medical or surgical procedures. results from
Iatrogenic pneumothorax a complication of medical or surgical procedures. results from Therapeutic thoracentesis Positive pressure mechanical ventilation Pleural biopsy Central venous catheter insertion Transbronchial biopsy routine use of ultrasonography guided diagnostic thoracentesis is associated with lower rates of pneumothorax
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Intra pleural pressure (-)
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Intra pleural pressure (0)
Broncho pleural fistula Intra pleural pressure (0)
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Intra pleural pressure (+)
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Clinical features
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Symptoms: Signs: Sudden onset (usually after a bout of coughing) of
Chest pain dyspnoea Asymptomatic when small Signs: In sever cases low volume pulse with tachycardia Collapse & signs of peripheral circulatory failure Cyanosis (See when there is tension pneumothorax) Vitals are normal in closed & open pneumothorax
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Inspection: Dyspnoea with accessory muscles active
Tracheal shift may be visible – trail’s sign Fullness of chest on affected side Diminished chest movement
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Palpation: Percussion: Trachea & medistinum shifted to opposite side
Vocal fremitus – markedly diminished Diminished expansion of affected hemithorax Percussion: Hyper resonant note on the affected side Liver dullness obliterated: right sided pneumothorax Cardiac dullness shifted to opposite side
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Auscultation In open pneumothorax Vocal resonance reduced/absent
Breath sounds reduced/absent on affected side Hamman's sign: refers to a click on auscultation in time with the heart sounds, due to movement of pleural surfaces with a left-sided pneumothorax In open pneumothorax Amphoric breath sound due to broncho pleural fistula may be heard
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CXR -diagnostic in most cases
visible lung edge and absent lung markings peripherally increased lucency & hemidiaphragm depression on the affected side CXR appearance may also show features of underlying lung disease
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CT chest may be required
To differentiate pneumothorax from bullous disease Useful in diagnosing unsuspected pneumothorax following trauma In looking for evidence of underlying lung disease
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Partial pneumothorax
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Management
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Determined by Degree of breathlessness & lung collapse Hypoxia
Evidence of haemodynamic compromise Presence and severity of any underlying lung disease Pneumothorax size
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Severe breathlessness out of proportion to pneumothorax size may be a feature of tension pneumothorax Secondary pneumothorax has a significant mortality (10%), and should be managed more aggressively. Treat also the underlying disease
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Aspiration
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Chest Aspiration
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Chest Aspiration Suction apparatus
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Inserting a inter coastal drainage tube
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Aspiration Indications Primary pneumothorax Consider aspiration if
patient breathless and/or pneumothorax large (rim of air > 2 cm on CXR) Secondary pneumothorax Consider aspiration patient aged > 50 years (all cases) with small pneumothorax (rim of air < 2 cm on CXR) minimal breathlessness
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Chest drainage Associated with significant morbidity and even mortality due to subcutaneous emphysema not required in the majority of patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
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Oxygen All hospitalized patients should receive high flow (10 l/min) inspired oxygen (unless CO2 retention is a problem) Reduces the partial pressure of nitrogen in blood, encouraging removal of air from the pleural space and speeding up resolution of the pneumothorax
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Persistent air leak Defined as continued bubbling of chest drain 48 hours after insertion In indicates: Inability of lung to expand after the drainage Broncho pleural fistula - communication with out side air Will develop secondary infection and pyopneumothorax until closed by surgery
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Out-patient follow-up
Repeat CXR to ensure resolution of pneumothorax and normal appearance of underlying lungs Discuss risk of recurrence and emphasize smoking cessation, if appropriate
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Advise about flying Patients should not fly for at least 6 weeks. avoid flying for a longer period, e.g. 1 year
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Advise NEVER TO DIVE in the future, unless patient has undergone a definitive surgical procedure
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Indications for cardiothoracic surgical referral
Second ipsilateral pneumothorax Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax Persistent air leak (>5 -7 days of drainage) Spontaneous haemothorax Professions at risk (e.g. pilots, divers) after first pneumothorax
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Chemical pleurodesis As an alternative for surgery specially in case of recurrent pneumothorax seal the visceral to the parietal pleura to prevent pleural fluid accumulating. (already described previously)
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Tension pneumothorax
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Pneumothorax acts as a one-way valve
Progressive increase in pleural pressure compresses both lungs and mediastinum Reduced venous return to the heart, leading to hypotension and cardiac arrest not related to pneumothorax size can occur with very small pneumothoraces in the context of air trapping in the lung from obstructive lung disease
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Patients present with Acute respiratory distress & agitation
Hypotension Raised jugular venous pressure Tracheal deviation away from the pneumothorax side Reduced air entry on affected side May present with cardiac arrest (pulseless electrical activity) Acute deterioration in ventilated patients
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Management Give high-flow oxygen
Insert a needle into second intercostal space in midclavicular line on side of pneumothorax Do not wait for a CXR if cardiac arrest has occurred or the diagnosis is clinically certain Hissing air confirms diagnosis. Aspirate air until the patient is less distressed Insert chest drain in mid axillary line afterwards
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