1. GV-506 weeks 19- 20 Treaties and conflict management Requirements for peacebuilding Power sharing

2. How to end a war: the issue of treaties Are treaties in intrastate wars legally binding and recognized by international law? How to deal with the ‘other party’? Who are the parties and witnesses Often multiple agreements instead of one: issue of war termination (Werner article) Items included in a treaty

3. Requirements for Peacebuilding Factors that lead to recurrent violence:  Type of war  High cost of war in lives and internally displaced individuals  Primary exports  Too few or too many actors being involved Factors that lead to peacemaking  UN presence (high-order peacebuilding operations)  Level of development  Net transfers and assistance Peacemaking vs. development: compatible goals?  Cleavage between 3 groups: organizations that focus on humanitarian help, conflict preventions, and long-term development and capacity building Example: building infrastructure  Role of culture and local population (individualist vs. collectivist societies)

4. Requirements for successful peacebuilding An absolute prerequisite: Security (how to deal with spoilers)  DDR: disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Combination of civilian and military support Building state institutions:  3 phases: emergency, joint administration, provisional democratic institutions  Developing local governance Re-establishing rule of law Rebuilding infrastructure Financing reconstruction  The problem with aid flows  Restructuring the fiscal system (taxation)  Does wealth assist or hamper reconstruction?  Rebuilding the banking sector

5. Power sharing: addressing post-war instability at the institutional level Type of democratic institutions: the problem with majoritarian democracy In deeply divisive societies what kind of institutions create an incentive structure to mediate differences? Power sharing as an alternative:  Elite or consociational approach (e.g. Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland) Broad-based parliamentary coalition Minority or mutual veto Proportionality Segmental group autonomy  Integrative approach Criticism of elite approach: consociationalism overestimates the importance of leaders and underestimates the power and role of popular dissatisfaction Need to encourage integration across communal divides and support moderates Create incentives to moderate the leaders’ rhetoric  Federalism  Vote pooling  Presidential system  Important ingredient is the realization that groups have to live together