1. 1 Universität Mannheim Valildation Plan Education – ESEC Association

2. 2 Universität Mannheim Data source: European Social Survey DEGermany GBUnited Kingdom SESweden ITItaly NLNetherlands HU Hungary ESSpain

3. 3 Universität Mannheim Measures of independent and dependent variables Independent variables: Measures of education (1) Years of education (2) CASMIN-classification (3) ISCED-classification (4) National level of education Dependent variable: ISEI Prestige of job according to the ISEI

4. 4 Universität Mannheim CASMIN educational categories 1aInadequately completed elementary education 1bCompleted (compulsory) elementary education 1c(Compulsory) elementary education and basic vocational qualification 2aSecondary, intermediate vocational qualification or intermediate general qualification and vocational training 2bSecondary, intermediate general qualification 2c_genFull general maturity qualification 2c_vocFull vocational maturity certificate or general maturity certificate and vocational qualification 3aLower tertiary education 3bHigher tertiary education

5. 5 Universität Mannheim ISCED International Standard Classification of Education

6. 6 Universität Mannheim Occupational Status (ISEI)* of male respondents by country** and different variables of education * Adjusted R-squared ** The National Educational Classification of Germany is not available for the ESS, Edition 5

7. 7 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Italy Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 1 senza titolo30.51a0 2 licenza elementare8112.21b1 3 licenza media / avviamento professional23535.5 2b ?? 2a ?? 2 4 diploma scuola media superiore26239.6 2c_gen ? 2c_voc ?? 3 5 diploma universitario142.13a4 6 laurea558.33b5 7 specializzazione post-laurea121.86

8. 8 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, United Kingdom Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 0 no qualifications24321.31b1 1 gcse/o-level/cse/nvq1/nvq2 or equiv30326.52a ?? 2b ?? 2 2 a-level/nvq3 or equiv14312.5 2c_gen ? 2c_voc ? 3 3 nvq4/nvq5 or equiv13912.22c_voc ? 3a 4 4 degree/hnc/teacher training/nursing or equiv30326.5 3a ? 3b? 5 5 phd/dphil or equiv121.13b6

9. 9 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Netherlands Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 1 not completed primary school 50.41a0 2 primary school or first stage of basic education 473.21b1 3 lower secondary school, technical training (lbo) 26818.31c2 4 lower secondary school, theoretical training (mulo, mavo) 18512.62b2 5 short upper secondary professional education (kmbo, vhbo) 261.82a3 6 upper secondary professional education (mbo) 31521.52c_voc3 7 post secondary, non-tertiary education 1057.24 8 higher secondary school (mms, havo) 604.12c_gen3 9 pre-scientific secondary school (hbs, vwo) 503.43 10 tertiary professional education (hbo) 28819.73a5 11 tertiary scientific education, university 936.43b5 12 tertiary post-scientific education (teachers, doctors) 161.15 13 Second stage of tertiary education, Ph.D. education 60.46

10. 10 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Spain Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 0 no studies/illiterate212.81a0 1 not completed primary education526.9 2 primary education11615.41b1 3 degree of primary education17122.72 4 vocational education, first cycle638.31c3 5 secondary education8911.82c_gen 6 vocational education, second cycle8010.62a4 7 2 or 3 years higher education (not leading to university degree)60.83a 8 polytechnical studies, short cycle: technical architect …445.85 9 other short cycle university degree (3 years)152 10 polytechnical studies, long cycle: architect, engineer (5 years)813b 11 other long cycle university degree (5 years)7910.5 12 postgraduate degree40.5 13 doctoral degree70.96

11. 11 Universität Mannheim Steps to validate ESEC using measures of education 1)Although related, ESEC as measure of socio-economic position measures something different to educational performance -> discriminant validity 2)Strong positive association between measures of education and ESEC in all countries 3)Strength of associations between education and ESEC should differ by country

12. 12 Universität Mannheim Step 1: Discriminant validity Association among measures of educational performance must be stronger than association between educational performance and ESEC: national classification CASMINISCEDESEC national classification CASMIN ++ ISCED ++ ESEC +++

13. 13 Universität Mannheim Step 1: Discriminant validity (cont.) Potential issues at this step: appropriate measure of association  ESEC nominal, education nominal/ordinal  proposed: log-multiplicative models (RC II)

14. 14 Universität Mannheim Step 2: Strong and positive association between measures of education and ESEC All analyses concerning Step 2 are included in previous step

15. 15 Universität Mannheim Step 3: Strength of association between education and ESEC differ by country Differing strength of association between education and ESEC should resemble well-established findings in the literature: Association high in Germany compared to other Western industrialised countries Association relatively low in Great Britain Sweden should take a position in between Former communist countries should have very strong association Measure: uniform difference models

16. 16 Universität Mannheim Exemplifying validation steps using European Social Survey (1) Step 1+2: Calculating association among measures of educational performance and ESEC for each country: e.g. Netherlands: national classification CASMINISCEDESEC national classification CASMIN205 ISCED157200 ESEC361035 Numbers show association parameters from log-multiplicative row and column effect model (RC II) Problem in general: structural zeros, problem in current data: small N

17. 17 Universität Mannheim Exemplifying validation steps using European Social Survey (2) UNIDIFF parameters for the association between education (CASMIN) and class position (EGP)

18. 18 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Germany Freq.PercentCASMINISCED

19. 19 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Sweden Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 1 not finished elementary school20.21a0 2 elementary school, old847.41b1 3 elementary school1008.8 4 lower secondary and elementary school, old393.42b2 5 vocational school 1963-19703431c 6 2 year high school22019.32b 7 3-4 year high school prior 199516714.72c_gen3 8 vocational high school after 1992363.22a 9 theoretical high school after 1992151.32c_gen 10 university, no exam11710.35 11 university, exam less than 3 years9183a 12 university, exam more than 3 years23420.53b6

20. 20 Universität Mannheim Highest level of education, Hungary Freq.PercentCASMINISCED 1 never attented school20.21a0 2 1-4 form in primary school70.7 3 5-7 form in primary school161.6 4 completed primary school19519.41b1 5 trade school32231.91c2 6 not completed secondary school272.72b 7 completed secondary school26326.12c_gen3 9 college989.73a ?5 10 university656.53b6 11 postgraduate studies80.8 12 degree/phd50.5

21. 21 Universität Mannheim Occupational Status (ISEI)* of male and female respondents by country** and different variables of education * Adjusted R-squared ** The National Educational Classification of Germany is not available for the ESS, Edition 5