1. Cellular Respiration
Notes: 10/8/12

2. 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs
Matrix:
Watery substance that contains ribosomes and many enzymes.
These enzymes are vital for the link reaction and the Krebs cycle. 
Inner membrane:
The electron transport chain and ATP synthase are found in this membrane.
These are vital for oxidative phosphorylation. 

3. Space between inner and outer membranes:
8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs
Space between inner and outer membranes:
Small volume into which protons are pumped into.
Small volume  high concentration gradient can be reached very quickly.
This is vital for chemiosmosis. 
Outer membrane:
Separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell.
Creates a good environment for cell respiration. 

4. 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs
Cristae:
Tubular projections of the inner membrane
Increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. 
Mitochondrial DNA
Encode mitochondrial enzymes.
Ribosomes
Translation of mitochondrial proteins.

5. 8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function
A. Matrix
site for Krebs' cycle
link reaction
ATP synthesis
B. Inner Membrane
site of oxidative phosphorylation
e– transport chain
increase surface area
ATP synthesis;
C. Inner Membrane Space
H+ / proton build up;

6. 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs C A B
A: Matrix
B: Inner membrane
C: Intermembrane space C

7. Occurs in ________________ Is not ___________ dependent
8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.
Occurs in ________________
Is not ___________ dependent
Glucose is Phosphorylated (-__ ATP)
Lysis: phosphorylated 6-carbon sugar is broken down into __ ____________
Glucose is ___________
___________ phosphorylation produces 2 ATP
NET synthesis of ___ ATP and ___ NADH

8. Glycolysis Overview Major phases Energy investment Lysis
Energy harvesting

9. Summary of glycolysis:
Each molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate
A net of two ATP molecules and two NADH (high-energy electron carriers) are formed

10. Energy Investment Phase
Glucose is phosphorylated twice
Requires the INVESTMENT of two ATP molecules

11. Lysis
The phosphorylated glucose is broken into two triose-phosphate molecules (called G3P)

12. Energy harvesting phase
In a series of reactions, each molecule is converted into a pyruvate, generating two ATPs per conversion, for a total of four ATPs

13. Energy harvesting phase
each G3P has an inorganic phosphate group added (Pi).
Simultaneously, NAD+ gains H and 2e- to become NADH
G3P Pi
NAD+
Removes
H+ and 2 e-
to become
NADH Pi Pi

14. 8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.
Step 1 - Glucose is phosphorylated. Step 2 - Lysis of hexose (6C) biphosphate into two triose (3C) phosphates Step 3 - Each triose (3C) phosphate molecule is oxidized. Step 4 – Two pyruvate molecules (3C) are formed by removing two phosphate groups from each molecule. Type of phosphorylation?

15. Glycolysis NET: 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+    2 Pyruvate (C3) + 2 NADH + 2 ADP + 4 ATP
(6C) + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+   (6C)-P-P    2 Pyruvate (C3) + 2 NADH + 4 ATP
NET: 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

16. In the absence of oxygen
Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Cellular respiration
Relies on oxygen to produce ATP
In the absence of oxygen
Cells can still produce ATP through fermentation

17. Fermentation (anaerobic) From glycolysis
Does not produce more ATP, but is necessary to regenerate NAD+, which must be available for glycolysis to continue
Human muscles cells
Bacteria
Yeast

19. FIGURE 8-3b Fermentation
(b) Bread rises as CO2 is liberated by fermenting yeast, which converts glucose to ethanol. The dough on the left rose to the level on the right in a few hours.

20. Fermentation consists of
Glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis
In alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which releases CO2
During lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product

21. 8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen

22. Glycolysis

23. Link Reaction Per Glucose NET: 2 NADH + 2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate (C3) + NAD+ + CoA  Acetyl-CoA (2C) + NADH + CO2
Per Glucose
NET: 2 NADH + 2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl-CoA

24. Krebs Cycle Per Glucose NET: 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP
Acetyl-CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4C)  Citrate (6C) + CoA
Citrate (6C) + 3 NAD+ + FAD+ + ADP    Oxaloacetate (4C) + 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2 + 1 ATP
Per Glucose
NET: 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

25. FAD+ accepts electrons from other molecules to form FADH2 which can then donate electrons to the ETC

26. 1 2 4 3

27. Cellular Respiration (Pearson)

30. Electron Transport Chain (Pearson)

31. FIGURE 8-8 The electron transport chain of mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 donate their energetic electrons to the carriers of the transport chain. As the electrons pass through the transport chain, some of their energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space. This creates a hydrogen ion gradient that is used to drive ATP synthesis. At the end of the electron transport chain, the energy-depleted electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions in the matrix to form water.

34. FIGURE 8-10 Energy harvest from the breakdown of glucose
Why do we say that glucose breakdown releases "36 or 38 ATP molecules," rather than one specific number? Glycolysis produces two NADH molecules in the cytosol. The electrons from these two NADH molecules must be transported into the matrix before they can enter the electron transport chain. In most eukaryotic cells, the energy of one ATP molecule is used to transport the electrons from each NADH molecule into the matrix. Thus, the two "glycolytic NADH" molecules net only two ATPs, not the usual three, during electron transport. The heart and liver cells of mammals, however, use a different transport mechanism, one that does not consume ATP to transport electrons. In these cells, the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis net three ATPs each, just as the "mitochondrial NADH" molecules do.

35. Summary of Cellular Respiration (Pearson)

36. Keeping Score ATP NADH FADH2 CO2 Gly 2 2 0 0 Link 0 2 0 2
Krebs
Totals

37. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can be used as energy sources; metabolites involved in energy production can be used to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular structures.