1. An Introduction Sheldon
Personality
An Introduction
Sheldon

2. Personality Personality - A unique pattern of
consistent feelings, thoughts,and behaviors
that originate within the individual.

3. Freudian Classical Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth century and continued until his death in 1939
Believed sex was a primary cause of emotional problems and was a critical component of his personality theory
Remains an important influence in Western culture
especially pop culture

4. Freud’s Three Levels of Awareness
The conscious mind is what you are presently aware of, what you are thinking about right now
The preconscious mind is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can gain access to
The unconscious mind is the part of our mind of which we cannot become aware
Freudian slips

7. Freud’s Three-Part Personality StructureId
Ego
Superego

8. The Id (The Devil)
Is the original personality, the only part present at birth.
Resides in the unconscious mind
Includes our biological instinctual drives:
Life instincts (EROS) for survival, reproduction, and pleasure
Death instincts, (THANATOS) destructive and aggressive drives detrimental to survival: VIOLENCE both to oneself and others
Operates on a pleasure principle -demands immediate gratification for these drives without the concern for the consequences of this gratification

9. The Superego (The Angel)
Represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior in their culture
Operates on a morality principle, threatening to overwhelm us with guilt and shame if we misbehave

10. The Ego (The Decider/Mediator)
Starts developing during the first year or so of life to find realistic and socially-acceptable outlets for the id’s needs
Operates on the reality principle, finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (the norms and laws of society)
Makes decisions based on the desires of the id and the morality of the superego.

11. To prevent being overcome with anxiety because of trying to satisfy the id and superego demands, the ego uses what Freud called…
Defense mechanisms - processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety

16. Defense Mechanisms Repression
Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious so that we are not anxious about them; the primary defense mechanism
Not remembering a traumatic incident in which you witnessed a crime
Regression
Reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development
Throwing temper tantrums as an adult when you don’t get your way
Displacement
Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer substitute target
Taking your anger toward your boss out on your spouse or children by yelling at them and not your boss

17. Defense Mechanisms Sublimation
Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior
Channeling aggressive drives into playing football or inappropriate sexual desires into art
Reaction Formation
Acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses
Being overprotective of and lavishing attention on an unwanted child
Projection
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself
Accusing your boyfriend of cheating on you because you have felt like cheating on him
Rationalization
Creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior
Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats

18. Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory
Was developed chiefly from his own childhood memories and from his interactions with his patients.
An erogenous zone is the area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking psychic energy is focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development
Fixation occurs when a portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy remains in a stage because of excessive gratification or frustration of our instinctual needs.
Educational Video

19. Five Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage (birth – 18 months)
Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years)
Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years)
Latency Stage (6 years – puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty – adulthood)

20. Freud’s Psychosocial States of Personality Development
Stage (age range)
Erogenous Zone
Activity Focus
Oral (birth - 1½ years)
Mouth, lips, and tongue
Sucking, biting, and chewing
Anal (1½ - 3 years)
Anus
Bowel retention and elimination
Phallic (3 - 6 years)
Genitals
Identifying with same-sex parent to learn gender role and sense of morality
Latency (6 years - puberty)
None
Cognitive and social development
Genital (puberty - adulthood)
Mature sexual orientation and experience of intimate relationships

21. Potty Training
Parents try to get the child to have self-control during toilet training
If the child reacts to harsh toilet training by trying to get even with the parents by withholding bowel movements, an anal-retentive personality with the traits of orderliness, neatness, stinginess, and obstinacy develops
The anal-expulsive personality develops when the child rebels against the harsh training and has bowel movements whenever and wherever he desires

22. Identification
In the process of identification, the child adopts the characteristics of the same-sexed parents and learns their gender role (the set of behaviors expected of someone of a particular sex)

23. Phallic Stage Conflicts
In the Oedipus conflict, the little boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears the father (his rival) will find out and castrate him
Family Guy
In the Electra conflict, the little girl is attracted to her father because he has a penis; she wants one and feels inferior without one (penis envy)
Big Bang

24. Evaluation of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
So, was Freud right about the Id, Ego, Superego, and defense mechanisms?
First, you’ll need to remember that Freud was practicing in the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s.
Recent research contradicts many of Freud theories.
Freud believed that sexual repression caused vast psychological disorder.
Well….that has been proven to be false on many counts.

26. SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING

27. Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality
Agree with many of Freud’s basic ideas, but differ in one or more important ways
Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious
Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority
Karen Horney and the Need for Security

28. Neo-Freudian thoughts
Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality.
Freud disagreed strongly with anyone who challenged his views.
Several members of the group, left to form their own views of personality (schools, associations).

29. Neo-freudian criticisms of Freud’s theory:
1.Rejected idea that adult personality is completely formed by 5- or 6-years old.
2.Argued that Freud’s focused too much on biological instincts/nature and ignored social factors/nurture.
3.Rejected overall negative tone of Freud’s theories.

30. Carl Jung ( )
Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child who kept to himself.
Pondered the nature of dreams & visions he experienced.
Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 & went on to study schizophrenia, consciousness, & hypnosis.
He became interested in Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams.

31. More about Jung Jung & Freud met in 1907 & became close colleagues.
Jung formally left Freud’s group in 1913.
Jung spent the next 7 years in intense introspection—led to his theory of personality.

32. Carl JUNG: The Collective Unconscious
There are common themes & experiences that all people in all cultures experience.
These give every individual a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.
Every human is born with these
Example: Spirituality and God beliefs are found in every culture and person.

33. The collective unconscious is made up of archetypes.
These are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
These are not individual memories but are passed along in our DNA.
Example: The mother archetype

35. The collective unconscious is made up of archetypes .
These are the universal symbolic images of a particular person, object, or experience.
Example: the archetype of mother is in the child’s collective unconscious.

36. Mythology: Common themes across cultures (ancient, recent)
If you look throughout all human history you can identify these following themes:
Hero & heroine
(Luke or Leia)
Villain
(Darth Vader)
Naïve youth & wise old-sage
(Luke and Obi-Wan)

37. Shadow – Our dark side
This is the unconscious part of ourselves that is negative.
Jung argued you couldn’t have good without evil.
This concept is found throughout every culture.

38. Other common archetypes
Mother/Father
God/Devil
Hero/Heroine (Knight, Warrior)
Damsel (Princess)
Alchemist (Wizard, Magician, Scientist, Inventor)
Fairy Godmother /Godfather
Teacher (Instructor, Mentor)

39. Jung’s ideas of archetypes have been more studied and adopted by the disciplines of
art, philosophy, anthropology, religious studies and popular culture
than by psychologists.

40. Jung was the first to describe the
Introvert and extravert personality types.
Introverts tend to be preoccupies with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings and experiences.
Extraverts tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.
Talkative, friendly outgoing

41. Carl Jung’s Other Terms:
Jung proposed two main personality attitudes, extraversion and introversion
Extraversion – Outgoing
and excitable.
Introversion – Quiet and
slower to warm up.

42. Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority
An Austrian physician, Adler was one of the first to break from Freud’s group (1911).
Rejected Freud’s notion of “penis envy,” argued that women really envy men’s power & status.
Adler emphasized importance of conscious goal-directed behavior & down played unconscious influences.

43. Adler’s main ideas: All humans begin life with a sense of inferiority.
We are helpless as children & need adults to survive.
Adler argued we struggle the rest of our lives to overcome this feeling of inferiority.

44. We struggle to overcome inferiority.
Adler called this natural instinct striving for superiority.
“Striving for superiority” doesn’t mean being superior over others, rather to improve ourselves.
Our primary motivation is to improve ourselves.

45. What happens if we fail?
If we fail to overcome feelings of vulnerability & weakness, we develop an inferiority complex.
Here, an individual believes they are inferior & feel powerless, weak, & helpless.

46. Alternative Approaches
Humanistic theories developed in the 1960s
The humanistic approach emphasizes conscious free will in one’s actions,
the uniqueness of the individual person,
and personal growth

47. The Humanistic Approach to Personality
Abraham Maslow is considered the father of the humanistic movement
He studied the lives of very healthy and creative people to develop his theory of personality
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is an arrangement of the innate needs that motivate our behavior and should lead to Self Actualization: the development or achievement of one’s potential.

48. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Self- Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological

49. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

50. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self- Actualization
A growth-based need focused on the fullest realization of one’s potential, becoming all that one can be
Self-Esteem
Achievement mastery, gaining appreciation from others for our achievements, and having a positive self-image
Social
Love, belongingness, affection, family relationships, and companionship
Safety
Being out of danger, feeling safe and secure
Physiological
Food, water, and air

51. Self-Actualization Characteristics of self-actualized people include
Accepting themselves, others, and the nature of world for what they are
Having a need for privacy and only a few close, emotional relationships
Being autonomous and independent, democratic, and very creative
Having peak experiences, which are experiences of deep insight in which you experience whatever you are doing as fully as possible

52. How Did Maslow Determine WHO was self-actualized?
Maslow interviewed people he both knew and admired.
He would :
1. Interview a sample of people he thought were self-actualized.
He would write down a list of traits he felt each person possessed and compiled their common traits
By refining his trait list again and again, he eventually came up with what he felt was a stable list of attributes which would define the self-actualized individual.

53. Traits of Self-Actualized People:
Truth, rather than dishonesty.
Goodness, rather than evil.
Beauty, not ugliness or vulgarity.
Unity, wholeness, and transcendence of opposites, not arbitrariness or forced choices
Aliveness, not deadness or the mechanization of life
Uniqueness, not bland uniformity.
Perfection and necessity, not sloppiness, inconsistency, or accident.
Completion, rather than incompleteness.
Justice and order, not injustice and lawlessness.
Simplicity, not unnecessary complexity.
Richness, not environmental impoverishment.
Effortlessness, not strain.
Playfulness, not grim, humorless, drudgery.
Self-sufficiency, not dependency.
Meaningfulness, rather than senselessness.

54. Critique
Maslow hierarchy of needs is criticized for being based on non-empirical vague studies of a small number of people that he subjectively selected as self-actualized

55. Trait Theories of Personality and Personality Assessment

56. Trait Theories of Personality
Personality traits are internally based, relatively stable characteristics that define an individual’s personality
Each trait is called a dimension,
and there is a continuum ranging from one extreme of the dimension to the other
Factor analysis identifies clusters of test items that measure the same factor/trait

57. Number and Kind of Personality Traits
Raymond B. Cattell, using factor analysis, found that 16 traits were necessary to describe human personality
Hans Eysenck, also using factor analysis, argued for three trait dimensions
Eysenck’s theory is at more general than Cattell’s

58. Raymond B. Cattell 16 personality factors

60. Eysenck’s Three-Factor Theory
Extraversion- Introversion
Neuroticism/
(emotionally unstable)- Emotional stability
Psychoticism
(no self control)- Impulse control
Eysenck argued that these traits are determined by heredity

61. Eysenck’s Three-Factor Theory
People who are high on the neuroticism-emotional stability dimension tend to be overly anxious, emotionally unstable, and easily upset
The psychoticism-impulse control trait is concerned with aggressiveness, impulsiveness, and empathy

64. More Common Today: Five-Factor Model of Personality
These five factors appear to be universal and are consistent from about age 30 to late adulthood
The first 5 factor model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961

65. Five-Factor Model of Personality
Dimension
High End
Low End
Openness
Imaginative, independent, having broad interests, receptive to new ideas
Conforming, practical, narrow interests, closed to new ideas
Conscientiousness
Well-organized, dependable, careful, disciplined
Disorganized, undependable, careless, impulsive
Extraversion
Sociable, talkative, friendly, adventurous
Reclusive, quiet, aloof, cautious
Agreeableness
Sympathetic, polite, good-natured, soft-hearted
Tough-minded, rude, irritable, ruthless
Neuroticism
Emotional, insecure, nervous, self-pitying
Calm, secure, relaxed, self-satisfied

68. Personality Assessment
The main uses of personality tests are to aid in diagnosing people with problems, counseling, and making personnel decisions
There are two types
Personality Inventories
Projective Tests

69. Personality Inventories
Are designed to measure multiple traits of personality, and in some cases, disorders
Are a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him or not
Uses a “True/False/Cannot Say” format with simple statements (e.g., “I like to cook”)

70. Projective Tests
Contain a series of ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, to which the test taker must respond about his perceptions of the stimuli
Sample tests
Rorschach Inkblots Test
Thematic Apperception Test

71. Rorschach Inkblots Test
Contains 10 symmetric inkblots used in the test,
The test taker then describes what he or she sees in the shapes
Assumes the test taker’s responses are projections of their personal conflicts and personality dynamics
Widely used but not demonstrated to be reliable and valid

72. Rorschach inkblots
What do you see?

73. More blots
What do you see?

74. More blots

75. Thematic Apperception Test

76. Thematic Apperception Test

77. Mickey Mouse
Kanga
Pooh
Owl