1. Speaker Use of Grammatical Voice in Lacandón Connecting Data with Metadata

2. Introduction Lacandon Maya has a number of different grammatical voices that are used in varying frequency by different speakers. It is possible to discover the socio- linguistic use of grammatical voice in Lacandon discourse, by relating the consultant information in the metadata to the annotated texts in which the different voices occur. We will demonstrate how this is done and offer some preliminary findings. First, we will give a general overview of Voice in the Yucatecan Mayan languages, and the patterns of use of this grammatical category found in our Lacandon texts. We will then outline the method we used to explore the sociolinguistic use of Voice, and demonstrate the process in a step-wise fashion. Lacandon Maya has a number of different grammatical voices that are used in varying frequency by different speakers. It is possible to discover the socio- linguistic use of grammatical voice in Lacandon discourse, by relating the consultant information in the metadata to the annotated texts in which the different voices occur. We will demonstrate how this is done and offer some preliminary findings. First, we will give a general overview of Voice in the Yucatecan Mayan languages, and the patterns of use of this grammatical category found in our Lacandon texts. We will then outline the method we used to explore the sociolinguistic use of Voice, and demonstrate the process in a step-wise fashion.Voice Voice is an overt grammatical category pertaining to verbs. Voice is an overt grammatical category pertaining to verbs. Voice is well developed in Mayan languages. Voice is well developed in Mayan languages. Lacandón Maya has a number of different grammatical voices that are used in varying frequency by different speakers. Lacandón Maya has a number of different grammatical voices that are used in varying frequency by different speakers.

3. Patterns of voice in Yucatecan languages Abbreviations: RTV root transitive verb, IV intransitive verb, TV transitive verb, DTV derived transitive verb, CVC verb root, V verb stem, -Vl vowel + l suffix Note: Major/Minor voice distinction from Hofling (1997).

4. Examples of voice in Lacandón Canonical passive Canonical passive ts’ah T. give ts’aba k’uxu7 achiote is given. (Nar_Forest_CK) ts’ah-b-Vl k’uxu7 ts’ah-b-Vl k’uxu7 give-PASS-IIS achiote give-PASS-IIS achiote Agentless passive Agentless passive ts’apah. be given ts’ap ti7 chEk xok. He was given to the mermaid. (ChakXok_KM) ts’ap ti7 chEk xok. He was given to the mermaid. (ChakXok_KM) ts’ah-p-ah PREP. chEk xok give-PASS-DTR PREP. red siren Antipassive Antipassive tsikbarnah. he chatted. (Chak_Xok_BM) tsikbal-n-ah chat-AP-CIS

5. The questions Do Lacandón women use passive voice more than men? Do Lacandón women use passive voice more than men? Do Lacandón women use antipassive voice more than men? Do Lacandón women use antipassive voice more than men?

6. Search options Shoebox Only works on open files. Cannot provide information on consultants. Shoebox Only works on open files. Cannot provide information on consultants. WinGrep Searches all files. Provides customizable output. Cannot provide information on consultants other than the name of the speaker. WinGrep Searches all files. Provides customizable output. Cannot provide information on consultants other than the name of the speaker. A relational database best suits our needs. A relational database best suits our needs.

7. Converting Shoebox texts to Access tables Create tab-delimited files from Shoebox texts Create tab-delimited files from Shoebox texts Put each record into its own row with each field delimited by a tab Put each record into its own row with each field delimited by a tab

8. Relational Database Texts Table filenametranscription annotationstranslations person Consultants Table age sex name and code other Content Table genres filenames other

9. Search Results Approximately 7,800 annotated records Approximately 7,800 annotated records Only 27 examples of canonical and agentless passive Only 27 examples of canonical and agentless passive 54 examples of antipassive 54 examples of antipassive

10. Male to female ratio of all transcribed records in Lacandón corpus The corpus is not evenly divided between male speech and female speech. Men have a higher percentage of speech in our database. This ratio is considered when determining usage statistics.

11. Passives

12. Antipassives

13. Passives and Genres Narratives have the highest frequency of passive use. Descriptive type texts have far fewer passives than expected.

14. Complications Almost impossible to search for morphologically unmarked forms. Almost impossible to search for morphologically unmarked forms. Antipassive is overtly marked in the completive aspect, not in the incompletive aspect. Antipassive is overtly marked in the completive aspect, not in the incompletive aspect. Other considerations necessary for more elusive linguistic elements. Other considerations necessary for more elusive linguistic elements. VoiceAspectTAM- (Tense/ Aspect/ Mood) -Pronoun Verb stem il ‘see’ English gloss Active Inck-inw-il-ik I see it. Comt-inw-il-ah I saw it. Antipassive Inck-inw-il I see. Com il-n-ah-en I saw.

15. Demonstration Canonical passive and agentless passive are glossed PASS. Canonical passive and agentless passive are glossed PASS.

17. Relational Database Texts Table filenametranscription annotationstranslations person Consultants Table age sex name and code other Content Table genres filenames other

19. Convert texts to tab-delimited files Each tier of annotation becomes a column. Each column is separated by a tab. Each record becomes a row.

20. Shoebox Texts Tab- delimited file text table filename reference number person transcription morphemes morphemic gloss free translations

21. Import tab-delimited file Import the tab- delimited file into Access to create a texts table.

22. Texts Table

23. Shoebox Texts Tab- delimited file text table filename reference number person transcription morphemes morphemic gloss free translations

24. Import consultant information The information for each consultant is imported from the files the IMDI metadata editor creates. The information for each consultant is imported from the files the IMDI metadata editor creates.

25. Consultants table

26. Entering session information Access cannot easily import the IMDI files in a usable format. Session information is entered manually at this time.

27. Content table Filename and text genre are the only fields in this table. More fields may be added later.

28. Shoebox Texts Tab- delimited file text table filename reference number person transcription morphemes morphemic gloss free translations

29. What relationships can do for you

30. Creating a query Find PASS in morpheme gloss field Find PASS in morpheme gloss field Provide the value of the speaker field. Provide the value of the speaker field. Lookup and return the sex of the speaker. Lookup and return the sex of the speaker.

31. Passives query – Datasheet view

32. References and Abbreviations Danziger, Eve. 1990. A Clamour of Voices: Processes of Intransitivization in the Mayan Language of the Greater Yucatan Peninsula. Paper presented Dec. 2 1990 in “Mayan and Chibchan Languages”, at the 29 th Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Association Meetings, Nov. 29 – Dec. 2, 1990, New Orleans. Hofling, Charles Andrew and Felix Fernando Tesucún. 1997. Itzaj Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Bricker, Victoria, Eleuterio Po’ot Yah and Ofelia Dzul de Po’ot. 1998. A Dictionary of the Maya Language As Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatan. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. TAM Tense/Aspect/Mood (Hofling 1997) RTV root transitive verb IV intransitive verb TV transitive verb DTV derived transitive verb CVC verb root V verb stem, -Vl harmonic vowel -l IIS Incompletive intransitive status (Hofling 1997) DTR Detransitive (Hofling 1997) CIS Completive intransitive Status (Hofling 1997) PREP Preposition AP Antipassive PASS Passive Inc Incompletive Aspect Com Completive Aspect