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ACCA Paper F9 Financial Management.

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Presentation on theme: "ACCA Paper F9 Financial Management."— Presentation transcript:

1 ACCA Paper F9 Financial Management

2 Core areas of the syllabus
Financial management function Financial management environment Working capital management Investment appraisal Business finance Cost of capital Business valuations Risk management

3 Format of the exam Four compulsory questions 25 marks each
Balance of calculative and discursive elements in questions

4 The financial management function

5 The financial management function
(1) Raising finance (2) Investing funds raised – this includes allocating funds and controlling investments (3) Dividend policy – returning gains to shareholders

6 Corporate strategy and objectives

7 Corporate stakeholders

8 Agency theory Agency relationships occur when one party, the principal, employs another party, the agent, to perform a task on their behalf Objectives of principals and agents may not coincide Problem of goal congruence

9 Not for profit organisations

10 Value for money Effectiveness Efficiency Economy A measure of outputs
e.g. number of pupils taught Efficiency A measure of outputs over inputs e.g. Average class size Economy Being effective and efficient at the lowest possible cost

11 System analysis

12 Investment appraisal ROCE Payback Net present value
Internal rate of return

13 ROCE

14 Payback

15 Payback

16 The time value of money Money received today is worth more than the same sum received in the future because of: The potential for earning interest The impact of inflation The effect of risk

17 Compounding Compounding calculates the future value of a given sum of money F = P (1 + r)n where F = future value after n periods P = present or initial value r = rate of interest per period n = number of periods

18 Discounting Discounting is the conversion of future cash flows to their present value

19 Annuities and perpetuities
An annuity is a constant annual cash flow for a number of years

20 Annuities and perpetuities
An perpetuity is an annual cash flow that occurs for ever

21 Annuities and perpetuities

22 Relevant cash flows Only consider future, incremental cash flows
Ignore: ‘sunk costs’ Committed costs Depreciation Interest & dividend payments Include opportunity costs

23 Net present value All future cash flows are discounted to their present value and then added A positive result indicates the project should be accepted A negative result and the project should be rejected

24 Internal rate of return
The rate of interest (discount) at which the NPV = 0

25 Internal rate of return

26 NPV with inflation

27 Real and money rates

28 Taxation Two tax effects to consider:
Tax payments on operating profits Tax benefit from capital allowances and a possible tax payment from a balancing charge on asset disposal

29 Writing down allowances

30 Pro Forma NPV calculation

31 Working capital in NPV questions
Working capital is treated as an investment at the start of the project Any increases during the project are treated as a relevant cash outflow At the end of the project the working capital is ‘released’ – an inflow The working capital requirement may be given as a % of (usually) sales

32 Lease versus buy decision
Compare the present value cost of leasing with the present value cost of borrowing to buy Leasing cash flows: Rental payments (usually in advance) Tax relief on the rental payments Buying cash flows: Asset purchase Writing down allowances

33 Replacement decisions
Used when the assets of a project need replacing periodically Choose the option with the lowest equivalent annual cost The optimum replacement cycle is that period which has the lowest EAC

34 Capital rationing Insufficient funds to undertake all positive NPV projects Mutually exclusive projects – choose the project with the highest NPV Divisible projects – calculate the profitability index Indivisible projects – trial and error

35 Risk in investment appraisal
Risk = probabilities of different outcomes can be estimated Expected values p = probability of each outcome x = the cash flow from each outcome Payback used in addition to NPV Risk adjusted discount rates

36 Uncertainty in investment appraisal
Uncertainty = probabilities of different outcomes cannot be estimated Sensitivity analysis Minimum payback period Assess the worst possible situation Obtain a range by assessing the best and worst possible situations

37 Sensitivity analysis Calculate how much one input value must change before the decision changes (say from accept to reject) The smaller the margin the more sensitive is the decision to the factor being considered

38 Working capital The capital available for conducting the day-to-day operations of the business All aspects of both current assets and current liabilities need to be managed to: Minimise the risk of insolvency Maximise the return on assets

39 Cash operating cycle

40 Cash operating cycle The length of the cycle =
Inventory days + Receivable days – Payables days The amount of cash required to fund the operating cycle will increase as either: The cycle gets longer The level of activity or sales increases

41 Cash operating cycle Reduce cycle time by:
Improving production efficiency Improving finished goods and / or raw material inventory turnover Improving receivable collection and payables payment periods

42 Working capital ratios

43 Working capital ratios

44 Managing inventory

45 Economic order quantity
Where: Co = cost per order D = annual demand Ch = cost of holding one unit for one year Q = quantity ordered

46 Inventory management systems
Bin systems Action taken if inventory falls outside a preset maximum and minimum Periodic review Inventory levels reviewed at fixed intervals Just in time Aims for elimination of inventory Finished goods made to order Raw material inventory is delivered to point of use when needed

47 Accounts receivable Have a credit policy Assess credit worthiness
Control credit limits Invoice promptly and collect overdue debts Follow up procedures Monitoring the credit system Offer discounts

48 Prompt payment discounts

49 Debt factoring

50 Debt factoring

51 Invoice discounting

52 Accounts payable Simple and convenient source of short term finance
Normally seen as ‘free’ but: Supplier may offer a discount for prompt payment Undue delays in payments can result in: Supplier refusing to supply in future Loss of reputation and goodwill Supplier increasing price in future

53 Cash Management Return point = lower limit + (⅓ x spread)
Spread = 3[(¾ × transaction cost ×variance of cash flows) ÷ interest rate]⅓

54 Cash management

55 Cash management

56 Cash management

57 Financing working capital

58 Financing working capital

59 Currency risk Transaction exposure – the risk of the exchange rate changing between the transaction date and the settlement date. Translation exposure – the change in the value of a subsidiary due to changes in exchange rate. Economic exposure – the loss of competitive strength due to changes in exchange rates.

60 Changes in exchange rates

61 Hedging foreign currency risk
Forward contracts Money market hedge Futures Options

62 Interest rate risk – the yield curve

63 Hedging interest rate risk
Forward rate agreements Interest rate guarantees Interest rate futures Interest rate swaps

64 Macro economic policy

65 Monetary policy

66 Fiscal policy

67 Financial markets

68 Sources of finance

69 New share issues Placing Offer for sale Offer for sale by tender
Intermediaries’ offer Rights issue

70 Rights issues Existing shareholders have the right to subscribe to new share issues in proportion to their existing holdings Theoretical Ex-rights price (TERP) TERP = Value of existing shares + proceeds from issue No. of shares in issue after the rights issue Value of a right Value of a right = TERP – issue price Value of a right per existing share = Value of a right No. of shares needed to have a right

71 Estimating the cost of capital - The dividend valuation model
The current share price is determined by the future dividends, discounted at the investors required rate of return Assumes: Dividends will be paid in perpetuity Dividends are constant or growing at a fixed rate

72 The cost of equity

73 The cost of equity

74 Estimating growth The averaging method Gordon’s growth model

75 The cost of debt Where: i = the pre-tax interest paid on £100 t = tax rate P0 = ex-interest market value of £100 nominal of debt

76 Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

77 WACC – the calculations
The steps: Calculate weights for each source of capital Estimate the cost of each source Multiply the weights for each source of capital by its cost Sum the results

78 Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
Total risk comprises systematic risk and unsystematic risk Systematic risk = market wide factors such as the state of the economy Unsystematic risk = company / industry specific factors By holding a diversified portfolio, investors can almost eliminate unsystematic risk

79 CAPM

80 CAPM Investors should only be compensated for systematic risk
CAPM uses the β value of a share to measure its systematic risk and from that predicts the return an investor should require β = 0 = risk free investment β = 1 = the market portfolio (avg risk)

81 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Where: Rj = the required return from the investment Rf = the risk free rate of return βj = the beta value of the investment Rm = the return from the market portfolio CAPM can therefore be used to calculate a risk adjusted cost of equity

82 Business risks

83 Operating gearing Looking at the cost structure (cause)
Looking at the impact on the income statement (effect)

84 Financial gearing A measure of risk related to how the company is financed

85 Capital structure and WACC

86 The traditional view

87 Modigliani and Miller without tax

88 Modigliani and Miller with tax

89 Gearing levels in practice
Problems with high levels of gearing: Bankruptcy risk Agency costs Tax exhaustion Effect on borrowing capacity Risk tolerance of investors Breach of Articles of Association Increases in the cost of borrowing as gearing levels rise

90 CAPM and gearing risk When using betas in project appraisal, the impact of gearing of the finance used must be borne in mind

91 CAPM and gearing risk

92 Financial ratios: Profitability

93 ROCE

94 Financial ratios: Investor ratios

95 Potential problems ROCE EPS ROE Dividend yield
Uses profit, not maximisation of shareholder wealth EPS Does not represent actual income ROE Sensitive to gearing levels Dividend yield Ignores capital growth

96 Dividend irrelevancy theory
Theory: shareholders do not mind how their returns are split between dividends and capital gains Reality: Market imperfections due to: Dividend signalling The clientele effect Taxation Liquidity requirements Conclusion: companies tend to adopt a stable dividend policy

97 Business valuations Valuations are subjective and are a compromise between buyer and seller Methods exist to get a starting point for negotiations Dividend valuation model (covered previously) Asset based valuations Price-earnings ratio model Discounted cash flow basis

98 Asset based valuations

99 Asset based valuations
Problems: You’ll usually get a value considerably lower than the market value of all the company’s shares which reflect goodwill The company is usually being bought for its future income potential, not its assets

100 Price-earnings ratio model
Using an adjusted P/E multiple from a similar quoted company (or industry average): Value of company = Total earnings × P/E ratio Value per share = EPS × P/E ratio Problems: Finding a similar quoted company Identifying required adjustments (if any) Marketability discount to reflect that the shares aren’t quoted

101 Discounted cash flow basis
Calculate a company-wide NPV using: Details of all future company cash flows The company discount rate Problems It relies on estimates of both cash flows and discount rates It assumes discount rate and tax rates are constant through the period It does not evaluate further options

102 Market efficiency – Weak form
Share prices reflect all known publicly available past information about companies and their shares. Impossible to predict future share price movements from historical patterns Share prices follow a random walk

103 Market efficiency – Semi-strong form
Share prices reflects historical information about companies and respond immediately to other current publicly-available information. Evidence suggests most leading stock markets are semi-strong efficient

104 Market efficiency – Strong form
Share prices reflects all information about companies including information that has not yet been made public. Publication of new information does not impact on the share price It is unlikely that strong-form exists in reality


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