1. UK R&D Infrastructures and Accelerator Programmes
Jim Clarke
STFC Daresbury Laboratory
TIARA-PP Final Meeting
Daresbury Laboratory
25th November 2013

2. Outline National Accelerator Facilities Test Accelerators Summary
Diamond Light Source
ISIS Neutron Source
Test Accelerators
FETS
MICE
ALICE
EMMA
VELA
CLARA
ALPHA-X
Summary

3. Diamond Light Source
3 GeV electron storage ring generating bright, stable, light enabling high quality research across a broad research base:
Chemistry
Cultural Heritage
Earth Science
Engineering
Environmental Science
Life Sciences
Physics and Material Science
Diamond Light Source at
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

4. Low-emittance beam mode
Low-coupling mode: Micro-focusing
Vertical coupling reduced from 1% to 0.3% during operations
Low coupling  smaller source  smaller focused beam
Compound Refractive Lenses CRLS – 18 lenses
Photon Energy ~15 keV
Source demagnification: 3.7m / 44m (~1/12)
Knife edge scans using 200 µm Au wire
CRL
44m
3.7m
DCM
B16-BM
µ-focus
E=15 keV
Normal beam mode
Low-emittance beam mode
Focused beam size at sample reduced by 35%

5. Low-emittance beam mode
Low-coupling mode: Nano-focusing
Low coupling  smaller source  smaller focused beam
FZP
47m
73mm
DCM
B16-BM
n-focus
E=8 keV
Fresnel Zone Plate – Z150/75/1W5
(150 µm diameter, 75 nm outer zone width)
Source demagnification: 73 mm / 47m (~1/644)
Knife edge scans using 200 µm Au wire
Normal beam mode
Low-emittance beam mode
Nano-focused beam (v) also reduced (from 144 nm to 124 nm)

6. Brilliance upgrade at Diamond
Brilliance improvement for Diamond
reduced coupling 1%  0.3%
300 mA  500 mA
reducing diamond emittance with present hardware
2.7 nm  2.1 nm lattice test – ongoing: issues with SCWs
Initial studies for an ultra low emittance lattice for Diamond-II
5BA
7BA,
and modified 4BA
Thanks to T. Pulampong, R. Walker, J. Kay and N. Hammond
Riccardo Bartolini

7. upgrade with Diamond-II (200pm): 300mA and 1%K
Assuming the operation with a 200pm lattice
Brilliance plot using U27 – 72 periods 2 m long with Kmax = mm gap
Tuning curves computed with Spectra 8.0
Riccardo Bartolini

8. doubling the number of beamlines while still pushing the emittance down Modified 4BA - 320 pm
4BA with an additional short straight section between the dipole pairs emittance not pushed as for a pure 4BA but can double the number of straight sections Length of additional straight sections forced to be at least 3 m while keeping the remaining 6.7 m and 9 m straight sections
Riccardo Bartolini

9. Broken the 4 BA cell to leave 3 m space
Modified 4BA cell
Broken the 4 BA cell to leave 3 m space
12 quads per cell
10 Sextupoles per cell
Straight section length
slightly reduced
11 m  9.7 m
8.3 m  6.7 m
Riccardo Bartolini

10. Modfied 4BA – one superperiod
Ring circumference shrinks from to > loss 1 harmonic of RF
Parameters
Total length
Natural emittance
Natural chromaticity : hor./ver.
Straight length : long/short/middle
561.0 m
314.7pm-rad
-146.7/-85.6
9.7/6.7/3
Gradient in bend < 15 T/m
Quads gradient < 70 T/m
Riccardo Bartolini

11. ISIS
ISIS at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Spallation neutron source based upon an 800 MeV proton synchrotron, enabling high quality science:
Physics
Chemistry
Materials Science
Earth Science
Engineering
Biology
John Thomason

12. ISIS Injection Upgrade
New 180 MeV Linac
ISIS Injection Upgrade
70 MeV Linac
A New 180 MeV Injector
Update old linac
Increase beam power ~0.5 MW
Advantages
Reduces Space Charge (factor 2.6)
Chopped, Optimised Injection & Trapping
Challenges
Injection straight
Activation (180 MeV)
Space charge, beam stability, ....
MICE
800 MeV Synchrotron
TS1
TS2
John Thomason

13. ISIS Injection Upgrade Ring Physics Study
Snapshots of the work: challenges of getting 0.5 MW in the ISIS Ring
Injection
Longitudinal Dynamics
Injection Straight Modelling
Injection Straight
Analytical Work
Simulation Results
Test Distribution
Evolution of bunch
Foil temperatures
Injected distributions in (x,x’),(y,y’),(,dE)
RF Bucket
Variation of key parameters
Transverse & Full Cycle 3D Dynamics
Other Essentials: Activation, Diagnostics
Predicted Space Charge Limit
Single particle tune shift distributions at 0.5 MW
Activation vs Energy
Activation Measurements
Coherent Tune Shift and Resonance
Electron Cloud Monitor
Strip-line Monitor/Kicker
Accelerated distributions in (x,x’),(y,y’),(,dE)
John Thomason

14. Ring High Intensity Beam Studies on ISIS
John Thomason
Ring High Intensity Beam Studies on ISIS
Some of our R&D Studies
Half-integer intensity limit in proton rings
Using the ISIS ring to study halo formation
New simulation code: Set 3Di
Model losses, benchmark on ISIS
Simulation
Simulation
Measurement
(Y,Y)
Y profile
Y profile
Higher order loss effects and images
Investigating complex loss mechanisms
Head-tail instability
Key for high intensity proton rings
Image driven resonance
Vertical dipole motion along bunch on successive turns
Vertical difference signal
(along bunch, many turns)
Loss vs Q measurement
Samples along bunch
Turn 

15. Front End Test Stand (FETS)
FETS at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory aims to demonstrate key technologies for the front end of the next generation of high power pulsed proton accelerators.
John Thomason

16. Front End Test Stand (FETS)
John Thomason
High brightness H– ion source
4 kW peak-power arc discharge
60 mA, 0.25 π mm mrad beam
2 ms, 50 Hz pulsed operation
Radio Frequency Quadrupole
Four-vane, 324 MHz, 3 MeV
4 metre bolted construction
High power efficiency
Diagnostics
Non-interceptive
Well distributed
Laser-based
Low Energy Beam Transport
Three-solenoid configuration
Space-charge neutralisation
5600 litre/s total pumping speed
Medium Energy Beam Transport
Re-buncher cavities and EM quads
Novel ‘fast-slow’ perfect chopping
Low emittance growth

17. FETS Ion Source R&D FETS applications include:
John Thomason
FETS Ion Source R&D
FETS applications include:
ISIS upgrades
Future Spallation Neutron Sources
Neutrino Factory
Waste Transmutation
ADSR
FETS uses the ISIS Penning type ion source and is already delivering world class performance.
The FETS specification is for a 60 mA beam in 2 ms pulses at 50 Hz.
εH = 0.38
πmm.mrad (norm rms)
εV = 0.37
πmm.mrad (norm rms)

18. FETS Low Energy Beam Transport
FETS uses a 3 solenoid magnetic LEBT to match the beam from the ion source into the RFQ.
Horizontal emittance
0.4 πmm.mRad rms norm
Vertical emittance
0.3 πmm.mRad rms norm
John Thomason

19. Ion Source, LEBT and RFQ
New high power, high duty factor ion source extraction power supply
Low energy beam transport section alignment improved
Beam centred, symmetric in phase space and matched into RFQ
First metre section of Radio Frequency Quadrupole is at RAL
Remaining three metres in final machining stage
Cavity, vacuum and RF testing from Winter 2013 to Summer 2014
First RFQ beam anticipated late 2014
John Thomason

20. Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE)
MICE on ISIS will commission and operate a realistic section of cooling channel.
Measure its performance in a variety of modes of operation and beam conditions.
Results will allow future Neutrino Factory complex to be optimised.
Slow down muons in a light absorber, then re-accelerate in beam direction using RF cavities.
All of which are immersed in a magnetic channel to confine the muon beam.
John Thomason

21. MICE Hardware Development
Tracker
Focus Coil
Absorber
Cavity Module
200 MHz Cavity
RF Be Window
Coupling Coil
John Thomason

22. RF power specification achieved at Daresbury
Amplifier system has been dismantled from Daresbury and is currently being installed in the MICE hall
Forward power into load

23. Coax distribution system delivered to RAL Oct 13

24. Accelerators and Lasers In Combined Experiments (ALICE)
Compressor
Photoinjector Laser
8 MeV
IR-FEL
Booster
35 MeV
8 MeV
ALICE at Daresbury Laboratory operates using the Energy Recovery principle.
Used as an R&D test facility for next generation electron beam technology development.
Peter McIntosh

25. Peter McIntosh
New ALICE Cryomodule
International collaboration initiated in early 2006:
ASTeC (STFC)
Cornell University
DESY
FZD-Rossendorf
LBNL
Stanford University
TRIUMF
Fabricate optimised ERL cryomodule and validate with beam.
Dimensioned to fit on ALICE:
Same CM footprint
Same cryo/RF interconnects
‘Plug Compatible’

26. Cryomodule Evolution
Absorber
Cavity
Tuner
Integration
Peter McIntosh

27. Cryomodule Reality
Absorber
Cavity
Integration
Tuner
Peter McIntosh

28. Cryomodule Status Installed into ALICE in early 2013
RF & beam commissioning delayed by cryoplant problems – unrelated to cryomodule!
RF Conditioning started 14th Nov
Both cavities have exceeded 10 MV/m, no surprises so far, field emission low
So far, so good

29. ALICE THz Exploitation
Tissue Culture Facility
CSR generated in THz Region as bunch length ~1 ps.
Output enhanced by many orders of magnitude.
Dedicated tissue culture laboratory.
Effect of THz on living cells being studied.
Source has very high peak intensities but very low average power:
no thermal effects!
IR/THz from ALICE
Peter McIntosh/Peter Weightman

30. Peter McIntosh/Peter Weightman
FEL Exploitation
Cancerous Tissue
Oesophageal cancer is the fastest rising cancer in the western world.
Surgery is the only curative treatment but survival rates are poor because of late diagnosis.
Challenge is to identify patients with oesophageal cancer much earlier.
Detection Signature:
Cancer cells surrounded by stroma made up of various (non-cancer) cell types and ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM) proteins.
Increase in number and change of morphology and architecture, relates to the function of the cancerous DNA molecules.
Non-Cancerous Tissue
Scanning Near Field Optical Microscope (SNOM) is ideal probe
Resolution:
Synchrotron (diffraction limited) μm
ALICE Free Electron Laser (FEL) 0.1 μm
Key is intensity and stability of the IR source.
ALICE will now be dedicated to cancer studies for 4 months per year

31. Electron Model for Many Applications (EMMA)
Uses ALICE as its injector
World’s first and only Non-Scaling FFAG accelerator.
EMMA is an electron beam demonstrator:
Verification of NS-FFAG beam dynamics.
First acceleration demonstrated in 2011
Possible applications:
Muon beam acceleration
High intensity proton source for ADSR energy production
Flexible source for proton and carbon therapy
Peter McIntosh

32. VELA (Versatile Electron Linear Accelerator)
High brightness RF Photoinjector at Daresbury
Essential technology for advanced electron facilities
Light sources
Colliders
First RF Photoinjector in the UK
New tool for industry to develop new accelerator-based technologies
Healthcare
Security scanners
Water treatment ….
Two independent beam areas available
Funded August 2011
First Beam April 2013
Gun cavity and klystron provided by Strathclyde University/ALPHA-X

33. VELA

34. VELA Exploitation First Industrial Users on VELA (Sep 2013):
Rapiscan Systems (UK) and UCL spent 2 weeks exploiting VELA’s ultra-short pulse properties to demonstrate a new time-of-flight imaging technique.
This 3-year collaborative programme with STFC will potentially enable the next generation of cargo screening equipment.
Academic Users are also encouraged:
JAI will test new cavity BPMs in 2014
York/Swansea/UCL will carry out first electron diffraction commissioning in 2014
CI/Strathclyde proposing plasma acceleration experiments (new laser room with existing TW laser should be available Feb 2014)
Test of DLS 1 kHz RF photoinjector in 2014
New flexible end station for rapid turnaround of experiments being designed now (enabling tests of dielectric structures, manipulation of phase space by THz, photonic structures, …)

35. CLARA (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications)
Free Electron Lasers
Ultra high peak intensity
Very short pulses of light
Tuneable
Basic FEL unstable in intensity and wavelength
Immature as a technology, plenty of scope for improvement
Fortunately lots of ideas exist for improving FEL stability (wavelength and intensity) and to make even shorter pulses of light but very few have been tested

36. The CLARA Concept
There are many ways FELs can be improved, but limited scope with existing facilities
UK Scientists need FELs and we want to develop next generation FEL technology towards a possible UK facility
CLARA Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications
An upgrade of the existing VELA Photoinjector Facility at Daresbury Laboratory to a Free-Electron Laser Test Facility
Proof-of-principle demonstrations of novel FEL concepts
Emphasis is ULTRA-SHORT PULSE GENERATION
Neil Thompson

37. INTERACTIONS WITH LASER BEAMS
CLARA Schematic
FEL OUTPUT STUDIED
FEL OUTPUT GENERATED
The existing VELA RF Photoinjector Facility
INTERACTIONS WITH LASER BEAMS
ELECTRONS ACCELERATED AND MANIPULATED
ELECTRONS GENERATED HERE
Neil Thompson

38. Example Schemes
Here are two recent novel ideas, proposed by ASTeC and Strathclyde, which could be demonstrated in proof-of-principle experiments on CLARA
Mode-Locked Afterburner A compact extension to an existing free-electron laser, which in the X-ray would produce Gigawatt pulses of only 700 zeptosecond duration, leapfrogging current demonstrated techniques by orders of magnitude
High-Brightness SASE A way of ‘slowing down’ the electron bunch in the free-electron laser to generate single wavelength X-ray pulses, without the need for a laser seed or any optics
Neil Thompson

39. Other Goals and Benefits of CLARA
The development of advanced technologies:
New photoinjector technologies
Novel undulators (short period, cryogenic, superconducting….)
New accelerating structures
Single bunch diagnostics.
The enhancement of VELA beam power and repetition rate, enabling additional industrial applications.
The possibility to use the electron beam for other scientific research applications:
COMPTON SCATTERING FOR GAMMA BEAMS
PLASMA ACCELERATOR RESEARCH
ULTRAFAST ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
DIELECTRIC WAKEFIELD ACCELERATION
NONEQUILIBRIUM STORAGE RINGS
Neil Thompson

40. ALPHA-X
Mark Wiggins

41. Mark Wiggins

42. Mark Wiggins

43. Mark Wiggins

44. Mark Wiggins

45. Summary
The UK operates two national accelerator facilities, Diamond and ISIS
Both have excellent performance and a vibrant user base
Both have major upgrade plans under development
The UK has a number of test accelerators covering a broad remit
High power proton applications
Muon cooling demonstration
Light source/FEL motivated (based upon energy recovery, NC Linac, & LPWA)
Industrial applications

46. Thanks to everyone who provided material for this talk!