1. Electric Charge & Electric Field
Chapter 16

2. Many previous forces are contact forces
According to atomic theory, electric forces between atoms and molecules hold them together to form the liquids and solids.
Many previous forces are contact forces
Friction
Normal
Elastic forces

3. 16-1 Static Electricity
The word electricity comes from the Greek word elektron which means amber
Petrified tree resin and if rubbed gained an electric charge
The word static means at rest
Static electricity means charges at rest
A build up of charge

4. If an object is charged it possess a net electric charge
If an object is charged it possess a net electric charge. An unbalance of charge.
Two types of charges ones that repel a charged rod and ones that attract
These charges are referred to as positive or negative
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract

5. Benjamin Franklin choose the plastic rod (amber) to be negative and the glass to be positive (arbitrary)
This convention is still followed today
Positive charges and negative charges are treated algebraically

6. The law of conservation of electric charge
The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero.
No net electric charge can be created or destroyed
If one area is charged positively the a nearby area is charged negatively

7. 16-2 Electric Charge in the Atom
The understanding of electricity begins with the atom itself.
Positive charges are found in the nucleus
Negative charges are found in the outer energy levels

8. Neutral- equal numbers of positive and negative charges
Ions are atoms that gains or loses electrons
In liquids and solids nuclei or ions can move as well as electrons to transfer charge

9. 16-3 Insulators & Conductors
Conductors allow charges to transfer easily
Metals
Insulators resist the transfer of the charge
Wood, air, plastics

10. Semiconductors Most materials fall into conductors or insulators
A few materials are in-between
Silicon and germanium
Used in electronics

11. 16-4 Induced Charge

12. Electroscope
A device that can be used for detecting a charge.

13. 16-5 Coulomb’s Law
Does a force exist between charges? How can you tell?
How much force?
French physicist Charles Coulomb investigated the electric forces.
Coulomb didn’t have a precise measuring device, but developed a relationship with the ratio of charge

14. Coulomb’s Law as an Equation

15. F is force in Newtons, N
k is a proportionality constant, x 109 N.m2/C2
Q is charge in Coulombs, C
r is distance between charges in m

16. Compare to Universal Gravitation Law

17. Major difference between the two laws is the force in gravitation is always attraction and electric force can be attraction or repulsion

18. Elementary Charge
The charge on one electron has been determined to be about
e = x C

19. Permittivity of free space
Constant, ϵo
Related to k by k=1/4ϵo
Where ϵo= 1/4k=8.85 x C2/N.m2
Coulomb’s Law is then

20. Principle of Superposition
The net force on any one charge will be the vector sum of the forces on that charge due to each of the others

21. 16-6 Coulomb’s Law & Vectors
Must find the net force, force is a vector and if the forces are not along a line then vector addition must be used.
Problem 13.