1. The PVS Critical Competencies Fundamental Component II:
Technical Authority and Capability
Training Seminar: “The OIE PVS Tool”
16 – 20 April 2012
Beijing, China
Dr. Patrick Bastiaensen
Dr. Tomoko Ishibashi
Dr. Emilio A. León
Dr. Herbert Schneider 1

2. CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
Terrestrial (aquatic) manual :
Chapter Collection and shipment of diagnostic specimens
Chapter Biosafety and biosecurity in the veterinary microbiology laboratory and animal facilities
Chapter 1.1.4/5. Principles of validation of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases
Chapter Laboratory methodologies for bacterial antimicrobial suscep-tibility testing
Chapter Biotechnology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and vaccine development

3. CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
3 words: “veterinary” , “laboratory” and “diagnosis”
“Veterinary”
Animal diseases : at least the list of notifiable diseases (exotic…)
Animal diseases : zoonoses (brucellosis, tuberculosis, echinococcosis,
Residues ? (pesticides, heavy metals), antimicrobials
Food micro-biology ? trichinellosis, ……….,
Aquatic diseases ? marine capture, aquaculture, wild inland
Rabies titres ? import and export of dogs
Pharmacovigilance ?

4. CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
Level
Laboratory type
Comments, examples
Field level
Field personnel
Clinical diagnosis, Bang ring tests, microscopy, tuberculosis tests, rapid tests (Influenza type A)
Provincial level
Provincial laboratory
National/State level
National/State reference laboratory
Private laboratory
Public health laboratory
Residues, zoonosis, food,…
Regional level
Regional reference laboratory
ASEAN, …
International level
International reference laboratory
OIE, FAO

5. CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
Funding, management and administration, infrastructure, organisation (clean/dirty), disinfection and …. systems ( BSL), waste management, equipment, personnel (quantitative and qualitative), personnel (safety  BSL), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), maintenance and calibration, reagents and antigens (expiry dates…), IT support and reporting (qualitative and quantitative), time spans for delivery, regional reference services, linkages with public health or other (private) services.
Access to power, clean and distilled water, ice, dry ice, liquid nitrogen
Requirements for laboratory animals : maintenance, justification, welfare
Bio-Safety Level (BSL), ventilation, biosafety cabinets, surroundings,…
Regional dimension : reference services, proficiency testing exercises
Chain of command over provincial laboratories
Vaccine production ?

6. Selection of tests for domestic use or for trade (OIE recommended) !
CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
“Diagnosis”
Necropsy : poultry, small animals, large animals, aquatic animals,…
Parasitology : coprology (quantitative, qualitative), protozoology, ELISA,…
Microbiology (bacteriology and mycology) : quantitative, qualitative / Mycoplasma spp. culturing,
Virology : virus isolation, virus inoculation, serology
Serology : parasitology, microbiology and virology
Selection of tests for domestic use or for trade (OIE recommended) !

7. …tailored to the needs of the country
CC II-1: Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
Bigger is not better !
…tailored to the needs of the country

8. II-1 Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
The authority and capability of the VS to identify and record pathogenic agents, including those relevant for public health, that can adversely affect animals and animal products.
Levels of advancement
1. Disease diagnosis is almost always conducted by clinical means only, with laboratory diagnostic capability being generally unavailable.
2. For major zoonoses and diseases of national economic importance, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis.
3. For other zoonoses and diseases present in the country, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis.
4. For diseases of zoonotic or economic importance not present in the country, but known to exist in the region and/ or that could enter the country, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis.
5. In the case of new and emerging diseases in the region or world, the VS have access to and use a network of national or international reference laboratories (e.g. an OIE Reference Laboratory) to obtain a correct diagnosis.

9. CC II-2: Laboratory quality assurance
Terrestrial (aquatic) manual :
Chapter Quality management in veterinary testing laboratories

10. CC II-2: Laboratory quality assurance
Terrestrial (aquatic) manual :
Chapter Quality management in veterinary testing laboratories
Quality Standards and Guide-lines for Veterinary Laboratories

11. CC II-2: Laboratory quality assurance
Valid laboratory results are essential for diagnosis, surveillance, and trade. Such results are achieved by the use of good management practices, valid test and calibration methods, proper technique, quality control, and quality assurance, all working together within a quality management system.

12. CC II-2: Laboratory quality assurance covers…
…Accreditation
ISO : laboratory accreditation
OIE accredits diagnostic capacity for a particular OIE-listed disease, not for entire laboratories (Reference Laboratories).
…Organisation and management
…Management systems and internal audits
…Documents control and record keeping
…Control of non-conformity
…Complaints and appeal

13. CC II-2: Laboratory quality assurance
Key issues to assess during PVS evaluations
QA Manager appointed?
Handling of specimens? traceability, suitability, conditioning
Validated SOP’s?
Participation in inter-laboratory testing / proficiency testing exercices ?
Statistical techniques to ensure the quality of test results?
Replicability of the tests and correlation of test results?
Use of international standard reagents?
Proof of calibration of (measuring) equipment

14. II-2 Laboratory quality assurance
The quality of laboratories (that conduct diagnostic testing or analysis for chemical residues, antimicrobial residues, toxins, or tests for, biological efficacy, etc.) as measured by the use of formal QA systems and participation in relevant proficiency testing programmes.
Levels of advancement
1. No laboratories used by the public sector VS are using formal QA systems.
2. Some laboratories used by the public sector VS are using formal QA systems.
3. All laboratories used by the public sector VS are using formal QA systems.
4. All the laboratories used by the public sector VS and most or all private laboratories are using formal QA systems.
5. All the laboratories used by the public sector VS and most or all private laboratories are using formal QA programmes that meet OIE, ISO 17025, or equivalent QA standard guidelines.

15. CC II-3: Risk Analysis Glossary of terms
means the likelihood of the occurrence and the likely magnitude of the biological and economic consequences of an adverse event or effect to animal or human health.
Risk Analysis
means the process composed of hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.

16. Hazard identification
CC II-3: Risk Analysis
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 2.1: Import risk analysis
Hazard identification
Risk assessment
Risk management
Risk communication

17. CC II-3: Risk Analysis
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 2.1: Import risk analysis
Article 2.1.2: Hazard identification
Is the process of identifying the pathogenic agents which could potentially be introduced in the commodity considered for importation.
The pathogenic agent has be able to affect the species to be imported and susceptible to be carried in the product. It has to be present in the exporting country / zone / compartment.

18. CC II-3: Risk Analysis
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 2.1: Import risk analysis
Article 2.1.3: Risk assessment
Is the evaluation of the likelihood and the biological and economic consequences of entry, establishment and spread of a hazard within the territory of an importing country.
Assessment may be performed either by qualitative or quantitative method.
It should be based in the best available information. It has to be well documented.
Transparency is essential in order to ensure understanding by all interested parties.

19. CC II-3: Risk Analysis
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 2.1: Import risk analysis
Article 2.1.6: Risk management components
Is the process of identifying, selecting and implementing measures that can be applied to reduce the level of risk (minimize negative effects).
Article 2.1.7: Principle of risk communication
Is the interactive transmission and exchange of information and opinions throughout the risk analysis process concerning risk, risk-related factors and risk perceptions among risk assessors, risk managers, risk communicators, the general public and other interested parties.

20. II-3 Risk analysis
The authority and capability of the VS to base its risk management decisions on a scientific assessment of the risks.
Levels of advancement
1. Risk management decisions are not usually supported by scientific risk assessment.
2. The VS compile and maintain data but do not have the capability to systematically assess risks. Some risk management decisions are based on scientific risk assessment.
3. The VS can systematically compile and maintain relevant data and carry out risk assessment. Scientific principles and evidence, including risk assessment, generally provide the basis for risk management decisions.
4. The VS systematically conduct risk assessments in compliance with relevant OIE standards, and base their risk management decisions on the outcomes of these risk assessments.
5. The VS are consistent in basing sanitary decisions on risk analysis, and in communicating their procedures and outcomes internationally, meeting all their OIE obligations (including WTO SPS Agreement obligations where applicable).

21. CC II-4: Quarantine and border security Glossary of terms
Border post
means any airport, or any port, railway station or road check-point open　 to international trade of commodities, where import veterinary inspections can be performed.
Quarantine station
means an establishment under the control of the Veterinary Authority where animals are maintained in isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other animals, to ensure that there is no transmission of specified pathogen(s) outside the establishment while the animals are undergoing observation for a specified length of time and, if appropriate, testing and treatment
Illegal activities (PVS Tool)
include attempts to gain entry for animal or animal products other than through legal entry points and/or using certification and/or other procedure not meeting the country’s requirements.

22. CC II-4: Quarantine and border security Terrestrial Code references
Chapter 5.4. “Animal health measures applicable before and at departure”
Chapter 5.5. “Animal health measures applicable during transit from the place of departure in the exporting country to the place of arrival in the importing country”
Chapter 5.6. “Border posts and quarantine stations in the importing country”
Chapter 5.7. “Animal health measures applicable on arrival”
Chapter 5.9. “Quarantine measures applicable to non-human primates”

23. CC II-4: Quarantine and border security
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 5.6: Border posts and quarantine stations
Article 5.6.1
Border posts and quarantine stations should be provided with an adequate organisation and sufficient equipment for application of measures recommended in the Terrestrial Code.
Article 5.6.2
When justified by the amount of international trade and by the epidemiological situation, should be provided with means for:
making clinical examinations and obtaining specimens
detecting and isolating animals affected by or suspected of being affected by an epizootic disease;
carrying out disinfection and possibly disinfestation of vehicles
The presence of disease or infection in imported animals in a quarantine station does not affect the animal health status of the country or zone.

24. CC II-4: Quarantine and border security
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 5.7: Animal health measures applicable on arrival
Article 5.6.1
An importing country should only accept animals which have been subjected to a health examination by an Official Veterinarian of the exporting country and which are accompanied by an international veterinary certificate provided by the exporting country.
An importing country may prohibit the introduction of animals if these are found, on examination at the border post by an Official Veterinarian, to be affected by, suspected of being affected by or infected with a disease capable of being transmitted to the animals in its territory.
If the diagnosis of an epizootic disease is confirmed, or if the certificate cannot be corrected, the importing country may take the following measures:
return the animals to the exporting country;
slaughter and destroy.

25. II-4 Quarantine and border security
The authority and capability of the VS to prevent the entry and spread of diseases and other hazards of animals and animal products.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS cannot apply any type of quarantine or border security procedures for animals or animal products with their neighbouring countries or trading partners.
2. The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures; however, these are generally based neither on international standards nor on a risk analysis.
3. The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures based on international standards, but the procedures do not systematically address illegal activities relating to the import of animals and animal products.
4. The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures which systematically address legal pathways and illegal activities.
5. The VS work with their neighbouring countries and trading partners to establish, apply and audit quarantine and border security procedures which systematically address all risks identified.

26. CC II-5: Epidemiological Surveillance
Glossary of terms
Surveillance means the systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of information related to animal health and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that action can be taken
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 1.4: Animal Health Surveillance

27. CC II-5: Epidemiological Surveillance
This CC is divided into two sub-CC’s, being:
Passive epidemiological surveillance;
and
B. Active epidemiological surveillance

28. II-5 Epidemiological surveillance
The authority and capability of the VS to determine, verify and report on the sanitary status of the animal populations under their mandate.
A. Passive epidemiological surveillance
Levels of advancement
1. The VS have no passive surveillance programme.
2. The VS conduct passive surveillance for some relevant diseases and have the capacity to produce national reports on some diseases.
3. The VS conduct passive surveillance in compliance with OIE standards for some relevant diseases at the national level through appropriate networks in the field, whereby samples from suspect cases are collected and sent for laboratory diagnosis with evidence of correct results obtained. The VS have a basic national disease reporting system.
(…)

29. II-5 Epidemiological surveillance
The authority and capability of the VS to determine, verify and report on the sanitary status of the animal populations under their mandate.
A. Passive epidemiological surveillance
Levels of advancement
(…)
4. The VS conduct passive surveillance and report at the national level in compliance with OIE standards for most relevant diseases. Appropriate field networks are established for the collection of samples and submission for laboratory diagnosis of suspect cases with evidence of correct results obtained. Stakeholders are aware of and comply with their obligation to report the suspicion and occurrence of notifiable diseases to the VS.
5. The VS regularly report to stakeholders and the international community (where applicable) on the findings of passive surveillance programmes.

30. II-5 Epidemiological surveillance
The authority and capability of the VS to determine, verify and report on the sanitary status of the animal populations under their mandate.
B. Active epidemiological surveillance
Levels of advancement
1. The VS have no active surveillance programme.
2. The VS conduct active surveillance for some relevant diseases (of economic and zoonotic importance) but apply it only in a part of susceptible populations and/or do not update it regularly.
3. The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE standards for some relevant diseases and apply it to all susceptible populations but do not update it regularly.
4. The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE standards for some relevant diseases, apply it to all susceptible populations, update it regularly and report the results systematically.
5. The VS conduct active surveillance for most or all relevant diseases and apply it to all susceptible populations. The surveillance programmes are evaluated and meet the country’s OIE obligations.

31. CC II-6 : Early detection and emergency response
Glossary of terms
Early detection system means a system for timely detection and identification of an incursion of disease/infection in a territory. It should be under the control of the VS and should include the following characteristics:
representative coverage of target animal populations by field services;
ability to undertake effective disease investigation and reporting;
access to laboratories capable of diagnosing and differentiating relevant diseases;
a training programme for veterinarians, veterinary para-professionals, livestock owners/keepers and others involved in handling animals for detecting and reporting unusual animal health incidents;
the legal obligation of private veterinarians to report to the Veterinary Authority;
a national chain command.

32. II-6 Early detection and emergency response
The authority and capability of the VS to detect and respond rapidly to a sanitary emergency (such as a significant disease outbreak or food safety emergency).
Levels of advancement
1. The VS have no field network or established procedure to determine whether a sanitary emergency exists or the authority to declare such an emergency and respond appropriately.
2. The VS have a field network and an established procedure to determine whether or not a sanitary emergency exists, but lack the necessary legal and financial support to respond appropriately.
3. The VS have the legal framework and financial support to respond rapidly to sanitary emergencies, but the response is not coordinated through a chain of command.
(…)

33. II-6 Early detection and emergency response
The authority and capability of the VS to detect and respond rapidly to a sanitary emergency (such as a significant disease outbreak or food safety emergency).
Levels of advancement
(…)
4. The VS have an established procedure to make timely decisions on whether or not a sanitary emergency exists. The VS have the legal framework and financial support to respond rapidly to sanitary emergencies through a chain of command. They have national contingency plans for some exotic diseases.
5. The VS have national contingency plans for all diseases of concern through coordinated actions with all stakeholders through a chain of command.

34. CC II.7: Disease prevention, control and eradication Background*
implementation of methods ensuring that specified diseases do not enter a country, zone or compartment
Control
reduction of the frequency of a specified disease in a country, zone or compartment
Eradication
elimination of a specified pathogenic agent from a country, zone or compartment
*Thrusfield M. (2005), Chapter 22 The control and eradication of diseases.
Veterinary Epidemiology, 3rd Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford. Pag.384

35. lI-7 Disease prevention, control and eradication
The authority and capability of the VS to actively perform actions to prevent, control or eradicate OIE listed diseases and/or to demonstrate that the country or a zone are free of relevant diseases.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS have no authority or capability to prevent, control or eradicate animal diseases.
2. The VS implement prevention, control and eradication programmes for some diseases and/or in some areas with little or no scientific evaluation of their efficacy and efficiency.
3. The VS implement prevention, control and eradication programmes for some diseases and/or in some areas with scientific evaluation of their efficacy and efficiency.
4. The VS implement prevention, control and eradication programmes for all relevant diseases but with scientific evaluation of their efficacy and efficiency of some programmes.
5. The VS implement prevention, control and eradication programmes for all relevant diseases with scientific evaluation of their efficacy and efficiency consistent with relevant OIE international standards.

36. CC II-8: Food safety Glossary of terms
Animal for slaughter means an animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under the control of the relevant Veterinary Authority.
Fresh meat means meat that has not been subjected to any treatment irreversibly modifying its organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. This includes frozen meat, chilled meat, minced meat and mechanically recovered meat.
Meat means all edible parts of an animal.

37. CC II-8: Food safety Glossary of terms
Slaughter means any procedure which causes the death of an animal by bleeding
Slaughterhouse/abattoir means premises, including facilities for moving or lairaging animals, used for the slaughter of animals to produce animal products and approved by the Veterinary Services or other Competent Authority.
Zoonosis means any disease or infection which is naturally transmissible from animals to humans.

38. Terrestrial Code Reference
CC II-8: Food safety
Terrestrial Code Reference
Chapter 6.1: The role of the Veterinary Services in Food Safety
Chapter 6.2: Control of biological hazards of animal heath and public health importance through ante- and post- mortem meat inspection

39. CC II-8: Food safety This CC is divided into two sub-CC’s, being:
Ante and post mortem inspection at abattoirs and associated premises (e.g. meat boning/cutting establishments and rendering plants);
and
B. Inspection of collection, processing and distribution of products of animal origin

40. II-8 Food safety
Ante and post mortem inspection at abattoirs and associated premises (e.g. meat boning/cutting establishments and rendering plants).
The authority and capability of the VS to implement and manage the inspection of animals destined for slaughter at abattoirs and associated premises, including for assuring meat hygiene and for the collection of information relevant to livestock diseases and zoonoses. This competency also covers coordination with other authorities where there is shared responsibility for the functions.
Levels of advancement
1. Ante- and post mortem inspection and collection of disease information (and coordination, as required) are generally not undertaken in conformity with international standards.
2. Ante- and post mortem inspection and collection of disease information (and coordination, as required) are undertaken in conformity with international standards only at export premises.
3. Ante- and post mortem inspection and collection of disease information (and coordination, as required) are undertaken in conformity with international standards for export premises and for major abattoirs producing meat for distribution throughout the national market.
(…)

41. II-8 Food safety
Ante and post mortem inspection at abattoirs and associated premises (e.g. meat boning/cutting establishments and rendering plants).
The authority and capability of the VS to implement and manage the inspection of animals destined for slaughter at abattoirs and associated premises, including for assuring meat hygiene and for the collection of information relevant to livestock diseases and zoonoses. This competency also covers coordination with other authorities where there is shared responsibility for the functions.
Levels of advancement
(…)
4. Ante- and post mortem inspection and collection of disease information (and coordination, as required) are undertaken in conformity with international standards for export premises and for all abattoirs producing meat for distribution in the national and local markets.
5. Ante- and post mortem inspection and collection of disease information (and coordination, as required) are undertaken in conformity with international standards at all premises (including family and on farm slaughtering) and are subject to periodic audit of effectiveness.

42. II-8 Food safety
B. Inspection of collection, processing and distribution of products of animal origin
The authority and capability of the VS to implement, manage and coordinate food safety measures on collection, processing and distribution of products of animals, including programmes for the prevention of specific food-borne zoonoses and general food safety programmes. This competency also covers coordination with other authorities where there is shared responsibility for the functions.
Levels of advancement
1. Implementation, management and coordination (as appropriate) are generally not undertaken in conformity with international standards.
2. Implementation, management and coordination (as appropriate) are generally undertaken in conformity with international standards only for export purposes.
3. Implementation, management and coordination (as appropriate) are generally undertaken in conformity with international standards only for export purposes and for products that are distributed throughout the national market.
4. Implementation, management and coordination (as appropriate) are generally undertaken in conformity with international standards for export purposes and for products that are distributed throughout the national and local markets.
5. Implementation, management and coordination (as appropriate) are undertaken in full conformity with international standards for products at all levels of distribution (including on farm processing and farm gate sale).

43. CC II-9: Veterinary medicines and biologicals Glossary of terms
Antimicrobial agent means a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic substance that exhibits antimicrobial activity (kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms) at concentrations attainable in vivo.
Anthelmintics and substances classed as disinfectants or antiseptics are excluded from this definition.
Terrestrial Code references
Chapter 6.6 – Antimicrobial resistance

44. CC II-9: Veterinary medicines and biologicals
The VS has the authority and capability to regulate veterinary medicines and biologicals through
authorisation (of eg. import, export, manufacture)
registration (eg. by an appropriately qualified body)
importation ( e. g. through licensing, approved sources)
control over production
efficacy testing and labelling
distribution (e.g by wholesalers, retail pharmacists, veterinarians)
sale (e.g. on prescription only, over-the-counter)
use (withdrawal times, restricted use in species, prevention of antimicrobial resistance)

45. II-9 Veterinary medicines and biologicals
The authority and capability of the VS to regulate veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals, i.e the authorisation, registration, import, production, labelling, distribution, sale and use of these products.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS cannot regulate veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals.
2. The VS have some capability to exercise administrative control over veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals.
3. The VS exercise effective administrative control and implement quality standards for most aspects of the regulation of veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals.
4. The VS exercise comprehensive and effective regulatory control of veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals.
5. In addition to complete regulatory control, the VS systematically monitor for adverse reactions (pharmacovigilance) and take appropriate corrective steps. The control systems are subjected to periodic audit of effectiveness.

46. Terrestrial Code references
CC II-10: Residue testing
Terrestrial Code references
Chapter 6.6 – Antimicrobial resistance

47. II-10 Residue testing
The capability of the VS to undertake residue testing programmes for veterinary medicines (e.g. antimicrobials and hormones), chemicals, pesticides, radionuclides, metals, etc.
Levels of advancement
1. No residue testing programme for animal products exists in the country.
2. Some residue testing programme is performed but only for selected animal products for export.
3. A comprehensive residue testing programme is performed for all animal products for export and some for domestic use.
4. A comprehensive residue testing programme is performed for all animal products for export and/or internal consumption.
5. The residue testing programme is subject to routine quality assurance and regular evaluation.

48. CC II-11: Emerging issue Glossary of terms
Emerging disease means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.

49. CC II-11: Emerging issue Glossary of terms
Emerging disease means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.
Example : H5N1 , ebola, etc.

50. CC II-11: Emerging issue Glossary of terms
Emerging disease means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.
Example : Bluetongue, Rift valley fever, etc.

51. CC II-11: Emerging issue Glossary of terms
Emerging disease means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.
Example : Schmallenberg virus

52. CC II-11: Emerging issue Emerging issues (under the VS’s mandate)
May relate to the sanitary status of the country, public health, the environment, or trade in animals and animal products.
Example : global warming, climate change, vector distribution
Example : increase of animal-borne tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis casualties in countries that are severaly affected by HIV-AIDS.
Example : trade of commodities, compartmentalisation, venison
Example : bio-terrorism applications of animal diseases
Example : multi-drug resistance in pathogens

53. CC II-11: Emerging issue
Monitoring of emerging diseases and issues requires:
Electronic and paper-based access to scientific information
Participation in scientific conferences and seminars
Contingency planning, including simulation exercises
Communication and information planning (risk communication)
Regional integration (neighbouring countries)

54. II-11 Emerging issues
The authority and capability of the VS to identify in advance, and take appropriate action in response to likely emerging issues under their mandate relating to the sanitary status of the country, public health, the environment, or trade in animals and animal products.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS do not have procedures to identify in advance likely emerging issues.
2. The VS monitor and review developments at national and international levels relating to emerging issues.
3. The VS assess the risks, costs and / or opportunities of the identified emerging issues, including preparation of appropriate national preparedness plans. The VS have some collaboration with other agencies (e.g. human health, wildlife and environment) and with stakeholders on emerging issues.
(…)

55. II-11 Emerging issues
The authority and capability of the VS to identify in advance, and take appropriate action in response to likely emerging issues under their mandate relating to the sanitary status of the country, public health, the environment, or trade in animals and animal products.
Levels of advancement
(…)
4. The VS implement, in coordination with stakeholders, prevention or control actions due to an adverse emerging issue, or beneficial actions from a positive emerging issue. The VS have well-developed formal collaboration with other agencies (e.g. human health, wildlife and environment) and with stakeholders on emerging issues.
5. The VS coordinate actions with neighbouring countries and trading partners to respond to emerging issues, including audits of each other’s ability to detect and address emerging issues in their early stages.

56. CC II-12: Technical innovation Background
Keeping up-to-date with the latest scientific advances and to comply with the standards of the OIE (and Codex Alimentarius Commission where applicable).

57. CC II-12: Technical innovation Background
Keeping up-to-date with the latest scientific advances and to comply with the standards of the OIE (and Codex Alimentarius Commission where applicable).
Example : PCR technology in laboratories
Example : penside-test technology in the field
Example : digital pen technology and SMS – based reporting
Example : digital identification systems for cattle, dogs, birds

58. CC II-12: Technical innovation Background
Keeping up-to-date with the latest scientific advances and to comply with the standards of the OIE (and Codex Alimentarius Commission where applicable).
Example : fit-for-purpose tests, accredited by the OIE
Example : GPS and geographical information systems (GIS)
Example : new listed diseases , e.g. BTB of farmed deer
Example : new welfare standards for stray dog control.

59. II-12 Technical innovation
The capability of the VS to keep up-to-date with the latest scientific advances and to comply with the standards of the OIE (and Codex Alimentarius Commission where applicable).
Levels of advancement
1. The VS have only informal access to technical innovations, through personal contacts and external sources.
2. The VS maintain a database of technical innovations and international standards, through subscriptions to scientific journals and electronic media.
3. The VS have a specific programme to actively identify relevant technical innovations and international standards.
4. The VS incorporate technical innovations and international standards into selected policies and procedures, in collaboration with stakeholders.
5. The VS systematically implement relevant technical innovations and international standards.

60. CC II-13: Identification and traceability Glossary of terms
Animal identification means the combination of the identification and registration of an animal individually, with a unique identifier, or collectively by its epidemiological unit or group, with a unique group identifier.
Animal identification system means the inclusion and linking of components such as identification of establishments/owners, the person(s) responsible for the animal(s), movements and other records with animal identification.
Animal traceability means the ability to follow an animal or group of animals during all stages of its life.

61. CC II-13: Identification and traceability
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 4.1: General principles on identification and tracebility of live animals
Article 4.1.1
Animal identification and animal traceability are tools for addressing animal health (including zoonoses) and food safety issues. These tools may significantly improve the effectiveness of activities such as: the management of disease outbreaks and food safety incidents, vaccination programmes, (…) surveillance, (...) animal movement controls, inspection, certification (...).
The objective(s) of animal identification and animal traceability for a particular country, zone or compartment and the approach used should be clearly defined following an assessment of the risks

62. CC II-13: Identification and traceability
Terrestrial Code references - Chapter 4.2: Design and implementation of identification systems to achieve animal traceability
Article 4.2.1: Introduction and objectives
These recommendations are based on the general principles presented in Article
Whatever animal identification system the country adopts, it should comply with relevant OIE standards, including Chapters to for animals and animal products intended for export
Article 4.2.3: Key elements of the animal identification system

63. CC II-13: Identification and traceability
This CC is divided into two sub-CC’s, being:
A. Animal identification and movement control
and
B. Identification and traceability of products of animal origin

64. II-13. Identification and traceability
A. Animal identification and movement control
The authority and capability of the VS, normally in coordination with stakeholders, to identify animals under their mandate and trace their history, location and distribution for the purpose of animal disease control, food safety, or trade or any other legal requirements under the VS/OIE mandate.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS do not have the authority or the capability to identify animals or control their movements.
2. The VS can identify some animals and control some movements, using traditional methods and/or actions designed and implemented to deal with a specific problem (e.g. to prevent robbery).
3. The VS implement procedures for animal identification and movement control for specific animal subpopulations as required for disease control, in accordance with relevant international standards.
4. The VS implement all relevant animal identification and movement control procedures, in accordance with relevant international standards.
5. The VS carry out periodic audits of the effectiveness of their identification and movement control systems.

65. II-13. Identification and traceability
B. Identification and traceability of products of animal origin
The authority and capability of the VS, normally in coordination with stakeholders, to identify and trace products of animal origin for the purpose of food safety, animal health or trade.
Levels of advancement
1. The VS do not have the authority or the capability to identify or trace products of animal origin.
2. The VS can identify and trace some products of animal origin to deal with a specific problem (e.g. products originating from farms affected by a disease outbreak).
3. The VS have implemented procedures to identify and trace some products of animal origin for food safety, animal health and trade purposes, in accordance with relevant international standards.
4. The VS have implemented national programmes enabling them the identification and tracing of all products of animal origin, in accordance with relevant international standards.
5. The VS periodically audit the effectiveness of their identification and traceability procedures.

66. CC II-14: Animal welfare Glossary of terms
Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter / killing.

67. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references - Section 7: Animal Welfare
Chapter 7.1 Introduction to the recommendations for animal welfare
Chapter 7.2 Transport of animals by sea
Chapter 7.3 Transport of animals by land
Chapter 7.4 Transport of animals by air
Chapter 7.5 Slaughter of animals
Chapter 7.6 Killing of animals for disease control purposes
[Note: At this time this competency covers only chapters 7.1. to 7.6. inclusive.]

68. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.1: General principles of animal welfare
Article 7.1.2: Guiding principles for animal welfare
There is a critical relationship between animal health and animal welfare
“Five freedoms” provide valuable guidance in animal welfare:
freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition
freedom from fear and distress
freedom from physical and thermal discomfort
freedom from pain, injury and disease
freedom to express normal pattern of behaviour
Scientific assessment of animal welfare involves diverse elements which need to be considered together using value-based assumptions
Improvements in farm animal welfare can often improve productivity and food safety, and hence lead to economic benefits.
Equivalent outcomes based on performance criteria, rather than identical systems based on design criteria

69. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.3: Transport of animals by land
apply for domesticated animals (cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and equines).
Article 7.3.3: Responsibilities
The welfare of the animals during their journey is the joint responsibility of all people involved (e.g. owners, business agents, animal handlers, drivers, Competent Authorities etc.)
Article 7.3.4: Competence
All people responsible for animals during journeys, should be competent according to their responsibilities. Competence may be gained through formal training and/or practical experience.
Article 7.3.5: Planning the journey
Plans should be made in relation to preparation of animals for journey, vehicle and container design and maintenance, space allowance, rest, water and feed, control of disease, emergency response procedures, etc.

70. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.3: Transport of animals by land
Article 7.3.6: Documentation
Article 7.3.7: Pre-journey period
Point 2. Selection of compatible groups
Point 3. Fitness to travel
Article 7.3.8: Loading
Point 1. Competent supervision
Point 2. Facilities
Point 3. Goads and other aids (in case of their use)
Article 7.3.9: Travel
Point 4. Sick, injured or dead animals
Point 5. Water and feed
Point 6. Rest period and conditions

71. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.3: Transport of animals by land
Article : Unloading and post-journey handling
Point 4. Cleaning and disinfection
Article : Actions in the event of refusals to allow the completion of the journey
The welfare of the animals should be the first consideration
When the animals have been refused import, the Competent Authority of the importing country should make available suitable isolation facilities to allow the unloading of animals from a vehicle.
Article : Species-Specific Issues
Various
71/Item11

72. CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.6: Killing of animals for disease control purposes
Article 7.6.1: General principles
Point 1. All personnel involved in the humane killing of animals should have the relevant skills and competencies Cleaning and disinfection;
Point 4. The handling and movement of animals should be minimised;
Point 5. Animal restraint should be sufficient to facilitate effective killing; when restraint is required, killing should follow with minimal delay;
Point 6. Methods used should result in immediate death or immediate loss of consciousness lasting until death;
Point 8. There should be continuous monitoring of the procedures by the Competent Authorities;
Point 10. These general principles should also apply when animals need to be killed for other purposes such as after natural disasters.

73. Animal welfare concerns
CC II-14: Animal welfare
Terrestrial Code references – Chapter 7.6: Killing of animals for disease control purposes
Article 7.6.5: Table summarising killing methods described in Article –
Species
Age range
Procedures
Restraint necessary
Animal welfare concerns
Article
Cattle
all
Free bullet no
Non-lethal wounding
7.6.6
・・・

74. II-14 Animal welfare
The authority and capability of the VS to implement the animal welfare standards of the OIE as published in the Terrestrial Code.
Levels of advancement
1 OIE standards are generally not implemented.
2. Some of OIE standards are implemented, e.g. primarily for the export sector.
3. All of OIE standards are implemented but this is primarily for the export sector.
4. All of OIE standards are implemented, for the export and the domestic sector.
5. OIE standards are implemented and implementation is periodically subject to independent external evaluation.

75. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale
World Organisation for Animal Health
Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal