1. $424$ Financial Planning and Control Financial Planning
The projection of sales, income, and assets based on alternative production and marketing strategies, as well as the determination of the resources needed to achieve these projections.
Forecasting also is important for production planning and human resource planning.
Financial Control
The phase in which financial plans are implemented; control deals with the feedback and adjustment process required to ensure adherence to plans and modification of plans because of unforeseen changes.

2. $424$ Financial Planning:
Growth is a key theme behind financial forecasting. Remember that growth should not be the underlying goal of a corporation – creating shareholder value is the appropriate goal. In many cases, however, shareholder value creation is enabled through corporate growth.
The sales forecast predicts a firm’s unit and dollar sales for some future period; generally based on recent sales trends plus forecasts of the economic prospects for the nation, region, industry, etc.
We want to forecast if we need external funds – borrowing or a new stock issue

3. Percentage of Sales Method
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Projected Balance sheet forecasting of AFN
Increased sales requires increased assets that must be financed. We will discuss the strategy for forecasting assets.
Increased sales automatically increases spontaneous liabilities.
Some financing will come from retained earnings. Depending on the information, we formulate a strategy for determining RE.
If additional funds are needed we have to choose to finance with external funds -- debt or stock.
#5 affects #4 -- thus, we sometimes use an iterative approach to refine the estimate.

4. Projected balance sheet
A = L + OE on a balance sheet
If A = L + OE both at the beginning and end of an accounting period
Then A = L + OE
Which is the fundamental basis for the sources and uses of funds statements
In other words the accounting works right
The concern is about acquiring outside capital
Debt and Equity
Bond issue or loans
Stock Issue
External sources take a lead time and planning

5. Steps to get AFN – simple one-pass forecast balance sheet method
Calculate RE with the data given (method varies)
Increase CA and spontaneous liabilities proportionately with sales
Increase FA if needed based on capacity information given
Carry over bonds/bank-loans and stock
Calculate TA - (TL+E) = AFN
AFN = additional funds needed from external sources

6. Hand out simple example

7. Two pass method example: Northwest Chemical: 2001 Sales Projection (millions of dollars)
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8. Northwest Chemicals Oregon producer of Ag Chemicals
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Northwest Chemicals Oregon producer of Ag Chemicals
Prepare financial forecast, main assumption is a 25% increase in sales
Want to know how performance/ratios changes.
One of the hard items is Additional Funds Needed
We will use the percentage of sales method of forecasting financial statements. This will give you a thorough feel for the process of forecasting financial statements.

9. North West Chemical:
Key Ratios
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10. Projected Financial Statements Step 1
Projected Financial Statements Step 1. Forecast the Income Statement
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Key Assumptions
Interest rate = 8% for any debt.
Operating at full capacity in 2000.
Each type of asset grows proportionally with sales.
Payables and accruals grow proportionally with sales.
2000 payout (30%) will be maintained.
No new common stock will be issued.
Sales are expected to increase by $500 million. (%S = 25%)
Implications for fixed assets and fixed cost?

11. NWC: Projected 2001 Income Statement:
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12. Projected Financial Statements Step 2
Projected Financial Statements Step 2. Forecast the Balance Sheet (Assets)
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At full capacity, so all assets must
increase in proportion to sales.

13. Projected Financial Statements Step 2
Projected Financial Statements Step 2. Forecast the Balance Sheet (Liability & Equity)
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*From projected income statement.

14. Projected Financial Statements Step 3
Projected Financial Statements Step 3. Raising the Additional Funds Needed
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Forecasted total assets = $1,250
Forecasted total claims = $1,071
Forecast AFN1 = $ 179
NWC must have the assets to make
forecasted sales. The balance sheet must balance. So, we must raise $179 externally.

15. How will the AFN be financed?
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Additional notes payable =
0.5 ($179) = $89.50
Additional L-T debt =
But this financing will add 0.08 ($179) = $14.32 to interest expense, which will lower NI and retained earnings.

16. $424$ Projected Financial Statements Step 4. Financing Feedbacks
The effects on the income statement and balance sheet of actions taken to finance forecasted increases in assets.

17. NWC: 2001 Adjusted Forecast of Income Statement
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18. $424$ NWC: 2001 Adjusted Forecast of Balance Sheet (Assets)
No change in asset requirements.

19. NWC: 2001 Adjusted Forecast of Balance Sheet (Liabilities & Equity)
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20. Results of the Adjusted Forecast:
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Forecasted assets = $1,250 (no change)
Forecasted claims = $1,244 (higher)
2nd pass AFN = $ (short)
Cumulative AFN = $179 + $6 = $185.
The $6 shortfall came from reduced net earnings. Additional passes could be made until assets exactly equal liabilities/equity. ex: $6 (0.08) = $0.48 interest 3rd pass.

21. North West Chemical: Adjusted Key Ratios
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22. $424$ Analysis of the Forecast: How does North West Chemical Compare?
Not very profitable relative to other companies in the industry.
Carrying excess inventory and receivables.
Debt ratio projected to move ahead of average.
Overall, not in good shape and doesn’t appear to be improving.

23. Capacity Issues Sales last year $500 Last year at 80% of capacity
Sales will increase 50%
What percentage will fixed cost and fixed assets increase?

24. Answer Sales last year were .8 times capacity
Sales this year will be 1.5x.8 times capacity
Which is 1.2 times capacity
Therefore capacity needs to be increased by 20%.
Multiply fixed cost and fixed assets by 1.2

25. $424$ Other Considerations in Forecasting: Excess Capacity
Suppose in 2000 fixed assets had been operated at only 75% of capacity: 1.25 x .75 = .9375; will be at 93.75% of capacity
Full Capacity Sales
Actual sales =
% of capacity usage

26. Does NWC need additional fixed assets?
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With the existing fixed assets, sales could
be $2,667. Since sales are forecasted at
only $2,500, no new fixed assets are needed.
How would fixed costs change?
Fixed cost would not increase.

27. If NWC had been operating at full capacity, what would its fixed assets/sales ratio be?
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With the existing fixed assets, sales could
be $2,667. Since sales are forecasted at
only $2,500, no new fixed assets are needed.

28. Projected Financial Statements Step 2
Projected Financial Statements Step 2. Forecast the Balance Sheet (Assets)
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At full capacity, so all assets must
increase in proportion to sales.

29. How would the excess capacity situation affect the 2001 AFN?
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The projected increase in fixed assets was $125, the AFN would decrease by $125.
Since no new fixed assets will be needed, AFN will fall by $125.

30. NWC: Projected 2001 Income Statement:
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31. How would the excess capacity situation affect the 2001 AFN?
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Fixed cost would not increase, increasing EBIT by $175
In turn net income and RE would increase, thus more internal financing and AFN would be smaller.

32. How would excess capacity affect the forecasted ratios?
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Sales wouldn’t change but assets would be lower, so turnovers would be better.
Less new debt, hence lower interest, so higher profits, EPS,ROE.
Debt ratio, TIE would improve.

33. 2001 Forecasted Ratios:
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34. Summary: How different factors affect the AFN forecast.
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Dividend payout ratio changes.
If reduced, more RE, reduce AFN.
Profit margin changes.
If increases, total and retained earnings increase, reduce AFN.
Plant capacity changes.
Less capacity used, less need for AFN.
AP Payment terms increased to 60 days from 30.
Accts. payable would double, increasing liabilities, reduce AFN.