Completion Agenda At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Define completion Describe the process of completion List and define the different.

Completion Agenda At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Define completion Describe the process of completion List and define the different types of completion Describe surface control equipments Define subsea completion M 4: Completion D 01: Module Objectives Audio Narration: In this module, you will learn about the steps in the process of completion in oil drilling, the equipments used, and about surface control equipments. At the end of this module, you will be able to: Define completion Describe the process of completion List and define the different types of completion Describe surface control equipments Define subsea completion Note to GD: Bullets in sync with VO. RECREATE Image: show diagram of an oil well

Completion Completion Process Introduction
30’’ CASING 20’’ CASING 13 3/8’’ CASING 7’’ LINER RESERVOIR SEA BED PLATFORM Production casing (9 5/8) Downhole Equipment Safety Equipment After exploratory drilling confirms the presence of an oil or natural gas reservoir, the hydrocarbons are brought to the surface. Once the design well depth is reached, the formation is tested and evaluated to determine whether the well is to be completed for production, or plugged and abandoned. This decision is taken based on the information available on reservoir characteristics. To complete the well production, casing is installed and cemented, and the drilling rig is dismantled and moved to the next site. A service rig is brought in to perforate the production casing and run production tubing along with downhole equipments. The installation of surface safety equipments takes place and production begins. M 4: Completion T 01: Completion Process D 01: Introduction Audio Narration: After drilling has confirmed the presence of an oil or natural gas reservoir, the hydrocarbons are brought to the surface. Once the design well depth is reached, the formation must be tested and evaluated to determine whether the well will be completed for production, or plugged and abandoned. This decision is taken on the information available on reservoir characteristics, such as the size of the reservoir, the porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock, and the amount of natural energy or reservoir pressure, within the reservoir. To complete the well production, casing is installed and cemented and the drilling rig is dismantled and moved to the next site. A service rig is brought in to perforate the production casing and run production tubing along with downhole equipments. If no further pre-production servicing is needed, the surface safety equipments, such as the Christmas tree are installed, and production begins. Completion Process

Completion What is Completion? Completion Process
Well completion creates a dependable pathway to the surface for the hydrocarbons. Once the well is drilled, it has to be made ready for the safe and efficient production of oil. The term ‘completion’ describes the assembly of Down hole tubulars and other safety equipments that is required to enable the safe and efficient production of oil or gas from the well after it has been drilled. M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 02: What is Completion? Audio Narration: Once a natural gas or oil well is drilled, and it has been verified that commercially viable quantities of natural gas are present for extraction, the well must be 'completed' to allow for the flow of petroleum or natural gas out of the formation and up to the surface. Well completion creates a dependable pathway to the surface for the hydrocarbons. Once the well is drilled, it has to be made ready for the safe and efficient production of oil. Completion refers to the assembly of downhole tubulars and other safety equipments that is required to enable the safe and efficient production of oil or gas from the well after it has been drilled. Note to GD: Show the oil well. Let the labels appear one after another. Completion Process

Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test
Setting production casing Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow If it is decided that the well will not be completed, then it will be plugged and abandoned. M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities Audio Narration: Well completion activities include conducting the drill stem test, setting the production casing, running the production tubing along with downhole equipments, installing surface safety equipments and starting the production flow. If it's decided that the well will not be completed, then it will be plugged and abandoned. Click the bullets to learn about the well completion activities in detail. Note to GD: Bullets in synch with VO. Completion Process

Completion Completion Process Well Completion Activities
Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test Setting production casing Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities VO on click of Conducting Drill Stem Test (DST): To determine the potential of a producing formation, the operator may order a drill stem test (DST). The DST crew makes up the test tool on the bottom of the drill stem, then lowers it to the bottom of the hole. Weight is applied to the tool to expand a hard rubber sealer called a packer. Opening the tool ports allows the formation pressure to be tested. This process enables workers to determine whether the well can be produced. Conducting Drill Stem Test (DST) To determine the potential of a producing formation, the operator may order a drill stem test (DST). The DST crew makes up the test tool on the bottom of the drill stem, then lowers it to the bottom of the hole. Weight is applied to the tool to expand a hard rubber sealer called a packer. Opening the tool ports allows the formation pressure to be tested. This process enables workers to determine whether the well can be produced. Completion Process

Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test Setting production casing & perforation Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities VO on click of Setting Production Casing: Production casing is the final casing in a well. It can be set from the bottom to the top. Sometimes a production liner is installed. This casing is set the same as other casings, then cemented in place. Setting Production Casing Production casing is the final casing in a well. It can be set from the bottom to the top. Sometimes a production liner is installed. This casing is set the same as other casings, then cemented in place. Completion Process

GAS OIL WATER BOP PLATFORM SEA BED 30’’ CASING PRODUCTION TUBING
RESEVOIR

GAS OIL WATER BACK Only this casing is visible from outside
7’’ LINER PRODUCTION TUBING RESEVOIR SEA BED PLATFORM Only this casing is visible from outside Production casing (9 5/8) WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT BACK

GAS OIL WATER BACK Only this casing is visible from outside PLATFORM
WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT Only this casing is visible from outside SEA BED 30’’ CASING PRODUCTION TUBING 20’’ CASING 13 3/8’’ CASING Production casing (9 5/8) 9 5/8’’ CASING 7’’ LINER GAS OIL WATER RESEVOIR BACK

Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test Setting production casing & perforation Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities VO on click of Running Production Tubing and Downhole Equipments: A well is usually produced through tubing inserted down the production casing. Oil and gas is produced more effectively through this smaller-diameter tubing than through the large-diameter production casing. Joints of tubing are joined together with couplings to make up a tubing string. Tubing is run into the well similar to casing, but it is smaller in diameter and is removable. Running Production Tubing and Downhole Equipments A well is usually produced through tubing inserted down the production casing. Oil and gas is produced more effectively through this smaller-diameter tubing than through the large-diameter production casing. Joints of tubing are joined together with couplings to make up a tubing string. Tubing is run into the well similar to casing, but it is smaller in diameter and is removable. Completion Process

Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test Setting production casing & perforation Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities VO on click of Installing Surface Safety Equipments: Though the tubings and downhole equipments are present in the well, production cannot start without installing surface control equipments. They are required to prevent uncontrolled oil flow out of the well. Installing Surface Safety Equipments Though the tubings and downhole equipments are present in the well, production cannot start without installing surface control equipments. They are required to prevent uncontrolled oil flow out of the well. Completion Process

Well completion activities include: Conducting drill stem test Setting production casing & perforation Running production tubing along with downhole equipments Installing surface safety equipments Starting production flow . M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion D 03: Well Completion Activities VO on click of Starting Production Flow: Production flow is started by ‘washing in’ the well and setting the packer. Washing in means to pump in water or brine to flush out the drilling fluid. Usually this is enough to start the well flowing. If not, then the well may need to be unloaded. This means the well needs to be swabbed to remove some of the brine. If this still does not work the flow might be started by pumping high-pressure gas into the well before setting the packer. If the well does not flow on its own, well stimulation or artificial lift may need to be considered. Starting Production Flow Production flow is started by ‘washing in’ the well and setting the packer. The pumping in of water or brine to flush out the drilling fluid is called washing in. Usually this is enough to start the well flowing. If this does not work then the flow might be started by pumping high-pressure gas into the well after setting the packer. Completion Process

Hydraulic Control Line
Completion Downhole Equipment The parts of a downhole equipment are: Hydraulic Control Line Safety Valve Gas Lift Valve M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Audio Narration: The parts of a downhole equipment are packer, gas lift valve, safety valve, hydraulic control, pump out plug and perforation. Click the labels to learn about the parts in detail. Note to GD: Labels in sync with VO. Packer Pump Out Plug Completion Process

Surface Control Equipments
Completion Well Head The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase is the well head. It is a means by which the production tubing is hung, the Christmas tree and the surface flow-control facilities are installed, in preparation for the production phase of the well. The BOP also sits on top of well head. The well head is installed on top of the casing before starting to drill. It has two or three sections. Each section has two flanges to facilitate the connections at both the ends. well head Sections Flanges M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 01: Well Head Audio Narration: The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase is the well head. It is a means by which the production tubing is hung, the Christmas tree and the surface flow-control facilities are installed, in preparation for the production phase of the well. The BOP also sits on top of well head. The well head is installed on top of the casing before starting to drill. It has two or three sections. Each section has two flanges to facilitate the connections at both the ends. Note to GD: Let text appear one paragraph after another in synch with VO. RECREATE image Surface Control Equipments

Components of a Well Head Each well head section has three components:
Completion Components of a Well Head Each well head section has three components: Casing Bowl Casing Hanger Tubing Head M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 02: Components of a Well Head Audio Narration: Each well head section has three components, namely, the casing bowl, casing hanger and the tubing head. Click the bullets to learn about the components of the well head. Note to GD: Bullets in synch with VO. Surface Control Equipments

Completion Sealing Components of a Well Head Each well head section has three components: Casing Bowl Casing Hanger Tubing Head Casing Bowl The casing bowl consists of heavy fittings that provide a seal between the casing and the surface. It also supports the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the well. This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and the casing itself. M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 02: Components of a Well Head VO on click of Casing Bowl: The casing head consists of heavy fittings that provide a seal between the casing and the surface. It also supports the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the well. This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and the casing itself. Note to GD: Let text appear one paragraph after another in synch with VO. Surface Control Equipments

Completion Components of a Well Head Each well head section has three components: Casing Bowl Casing Hanger Tubing Head Casing Hanger This is the sub-assembly of a well head that supports the casing string when it is run into the wellbore. The casing hanger provides a means of ensuring that the string is correctly located and generally incorporates a sealing device or system to isolate the casing annulus from upper well head components. M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 02: Components of a Well Head VO on click of Casing Hanger: This is the sub-assembly of a well head that supports the casing string when it is run into the wellbore. The casing hanger provides a means of ensuring that the string is correctly located and generally incorporates a sealing device or system to isolate the casing annulus from upper well head components. Note to GD: Recreate image Surface Control Equipments

Components of a Well Head
Completion Components of a Well Head Each well head section has three components: Casing Bowl Casing Hanger Tubing Head M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 02: Components of a Well Head VO on click of Tubing Head: The tubing head is a well head component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the Christmas tree to the well head. Note to GD: Recreate image Tubing Head The tubing head is a well head component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the Christmas tree to the well head. Surface Control Equipments

Anchor bolts to hold tubing hanger in place
Completion Tubing Hanger The tubing hanger is a device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the well head to support the tubing string. The tubing hanger is located in the tubing head, with both components incorporating a sealing system to ensure that the tubing conduit and annulus are hydraulically isolated. The tubing hanger assembly supports the weight of the tubing string and seals the annulus from the upper well head and Christmas tree components. It also provides connections at the surface, which controls the flow of fluids out of the well. Anchor bolts to hold tubing hanger in place M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 03: Tubing Hanger Audio Narration: The tubing hanger is a device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the well head to support the tubing string. It is threaded at both the ends. The tubing string is connected at the bottom of it. The tubing hanger is located in the tubing head, with both components incorporating a sealing system to ensure that the tubing conduit and annulus are hydraulically isolated. The tubing hanger assembly supports the weight of the tubing string and seals the annulus from the upper well head and Christmas tree components. It also provides connections at the surface, which controls the flow of fluids out of the well. Note to GD: Let text appear one paragraph after another in synch with VO. Also labels should appear in synch with VO: 1. Oil and Gas Flow 2. Tubing Head 3. Production Casing 4. Tubing Hanger 5. Annulus between Tubing and Casing Surface Control Equipments

Tubing hanger comes here 20” Casing Terminates Here
Anchor Bolts Well Head C Section Production Casing (9 5/8”) terminates here 30” Casing Remains Outside 1.5 m B Section M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 04: A Complete Well Head Audio Narration: This is the complete well head. It has three sections that terminate at different casings. The 20 inch casing terminates at the end of Section A. The production casing terminates at the end of the C Section of the well head, and the 30 inch casing remains outside. The tubing hanger is attached to the topmost tubing joint in the well head and supports the tubing string. A Section 20” Casing Terminates Here

Completion Christmas Tree The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges, and chokes that are fitted to the well head of the completed well is called a Christmas Tree. It is used to control the flow of oil through the tubing hanger. The function of a christmas tree is to: Prevent the release of oil or gas from an oil well into the environment Direct and control the flow of formati on fluids from the well When the well is ready to produce oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation fluids is allowed through a pipeline leading to a refinery. M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 05: Christmas Tree Audio Narration: The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges, and chokes that are fitted to the well head of the completed well is called a Christmas Tree. It is used to control the flow of oil through the tubing hanger. It fits on top of the casing and tubing heads. It allows for the surface monitoring and regulation of the production of hydrocarbons from a producing well. The christmas tree prevents the release of oil or gas from an oil well into the environment. It also directs and controls the flow of formation fluids from the well. When the well is ready to produce oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation fluids is allowed through a pipeline leading to a refinery. Note to GD: Let text appear one paragraph after another in synch with VO. Surface Control Equipments

Crown/ Swab Valve Wing Valve Oil which flows from the tubing is diverted through this pipe to the main header and from there to the process platforms Upper Master Valve Lower Master Valve M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 06: Parts of the Christmas Tree Audio Narration: This is the Christmas Tree. It is an assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges and chokes fitted to the well head of a completed well to control production. Tubing hanger comes up to this point Top part of the C-section of well head Surface Control Equipments

Oil Well After Completion Tubing hanger Well Head X-mas Tree Hydraulic Control Line Safety Valve Production Tubing Reservoir Gas Lift Valve M 4: Completion Topic 2: Surface Control Equipments D 07: Oil Well After Completion Audio Narration: This is the oil well after completion. Note to GD: Recreate image Packer Perforation Pump Out Plug Sump Surface Control Equipments

Completion Completion Process Types of Completion
The types of completion include: Natural Completions Natural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required for production. Sandstone and carbonate systems with good permeability and mechanical stability are ideal for natural completions. Stimulated Completions These completions are generally applied to improve the natural drainage patterns of hard, low-permeability formations. It is used to remove barriers that prevent easy passage of fluids into the wellbore. Sand-Control Completions Sand-control completions support the formation while allowing the flow of fluids. They are performed in young, unconsolidated or less mechanically competent sandstones. M 4: Completion T 01: Completion Process D 04: Types of Completion Audio Narration: The three types of completion are natural, stimulated and sand-control completions. Natural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required for production. Sandstone and carbonate systems with good permeability and mechanical stability are prime candidates for natural completions. Stimulated completions generally are applied to improve the natural drainage patterns of hard, low-permeability formations or to remove barriers within the formation that prevent easy passage of fluids into the wellbore. Acidizing and hydraulic fracturing are examples of stimulated completions. Sand-control completions are performed in young, unconsolidated or less mechanically competent sandstones to support the formation while allowing it to flow fluids. Note to GD: Text Only Screen – please synch text with VO. Completion Process

Completion Subsea Completion Subsea Completions
Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. The safety equipments are installed underwater on the seabed. They enable early production from deepwater, remote, and marginal fields. The evolution of subsea well completions has attracted a lot of attention because they offer a means of producing field extremities not reachable by directional drilling from existing platforms. They also offer production options where field economics do not justify the installation of one or more additional platforms. M 4: Completion Topic 3: Subsea Completion D 01: Subsea Completion Audio Narration: Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. The safety equipments are installed underwater on the seabed. They enable early production from deepwater, remote, and marginal fields. While subsea-well completions occupy a small niche in the offshore petroleum industry, their evolution has attracted a lot of attention because they offer a means of producing field extremities not reachable by directional drilling from existing platforms. Also, they offer production options where field economics do not justify the installation of one or more additional platforms. Subsea Completion

Completion Downhole Equipment The tubings along with the downhole equipment are lowered into the 95/8’’ casing of the well. The parts of a downhole equipment are: Gas Lift Valve Safety Valve Hydraulic Control Line Pump Out Plug Packer Packer Packer is a device consisting of a sealing device, a holding or setting device and an inside passage for fluids. It expands externally to seal the well bore. It helps in blocking the fluids through the annular space between the pipe and the well bore wall. Packers use flexible, electrometric elements that expand. It is set hydraulically from the surface. X M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Audio Narration: VO on click of Packer: Packer is a device consisting of a sealing device, a holding or setting device and an inside passage for fluids. It expands externally to seal the well bore. It helps in blocking the fluids through the annular space between the pipe and the well bore wall. Packers use flexible, electrometric elements that expand. It is set hydraulically from the surface. Completion Process

Completion Downhole Equipment The parts of a downhole equipment are: Gas Lift Valve Safety Valve Hydraulic Control Line Pump Out Plug Packer Gas Lift Valve The gas lift valve is a device installed on a gas lift cylinder or mandrel. This device is used to control the flow of gas between the exterior and interior of well tubing. It consists of an inlet, outlet, a main valve, a main chamber and so on. The design of the side pocket is such that the components that are installed do not obstruct the flow of production. This enables access to the well bore and the other components of completion. X M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Audio Narration: VO on click of Gas Lift Valve: The gas lift valve is a device installed on a gas lift cylinder or mandrel. This device is used to control the flow of gas between the exterior and interior of well tubing. It consists of an inlet, outlet, a main valve, a main chamber and so on. The design of the side pocket is such that the components that are installed do not obstruct the flow of production. This enables access to the well bore and the other components of completion. Completion Process

Completion Downhole Equipment The parts of a downhole equipment are: Gas Lift Valve Safety Valve Hydraulic Control Line Pump Out Plug Packer Safety Valve A safety valve is a device that is installed in the upper well bore to provide emergency closure of the channels that produce oil. The valve has a housing and a movable valve element that controls the flow of fluid in the well. X M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Audio Narration: VO on click of Safety Valve: A safety valve is a device that is installed in the upper well bore to provide emergency closure of the channels that produce oil. The valve has a housing and a movable valve element that controls the flow of fluid in the well. Completion Process

Completion Downhole Equipment The parts of a downhole equipment are: Gas Lift Valve Safety Valve Hydraulic Control Line Pump Out Plug Packer Hydraulic Control Line Hydraulic control line is a device filled with hydraulic fluid and connected to a hydraulic fluid source. Hydraulic control line is used to operate the safety valve. When the control line is pressurized up to a certain pressure limit, the safety valve opens. Its one end connects at the top of the safety valve and the other end to a pressurizing panel at the surface. It is lowered along with the safety valve while lowering the tubing string during completion. X M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Audio Narration: VO on click of Hydraulic Control Line: Hydraulic control line is a device filled with hydraulic fluid and connected to a hydraulic fluid source. Hydraulic control line is used to operate the safety valve. When the control line is pressurized up to a certain pressure limit, the safety valve opens. Its one end connects at the top of the safety valve and the other end to a pressurizing panel at the surface. It is lowered along with the safety valve while lowering the tubing string during completion. Completion Process

Completion Downhole Equipment The parts of a downhole equipment are: Pump Out Plug Since the tubing is open at the bottom, the packer cannot be set as the whole tubing string needs to be pressurized to set it. So a pump out plug (POP) is used for this purpose. A steel ball is dropped inside the tubing string from the surface. This goes all the way down and sits on the POP seat at the bottom. When water is pumped from the top, the ball is pressed against the POP seat and forms a seal. When pressure in the tubing string reaches a certain limit, the packer is set. This is indicated in the pumping unit in the form of a sharp fluctuation of the pressure reading. Then the pressure is increased, further, to shear the POP seat pins. This is done to remove the steel ball. When the pins are sheared, the POP seat drops along with the ball into the well sump. X Gas Lift Valve Safety Valve Hydraulic Control Line Pump Out Plug Packer M 4: Completion Topic 1: Completion Process D 05: Downhole Equipment Note to GD: Rollover text for well sump Well Sump A well sump is the extra bore space below the perforated zone that allows the collection of junk for example steel ball. Completion Process

In a traditional well, components such as valves control the flow of fluids.
Screens or gravel packs stop sand from entering the well. Pipe joints and packers needed to ensure the well retains its integrity over its producing life. However traditional wells do not respond to changing conditions and all the fluids (oil,gas and water) have to be produced together and separated at the surface.

IQ for Intelligent Wells
Automatic Surface Interaction/Continuous Monitoring/Automatic Flow control/Extensive Downhole communication Semi Intelligent Wells Manual Surface Interaction/Limited Conventional Limited Interaction

Smart Wells Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions. Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as wireless technologies,remote sensing capabilities, remote control mechanism and robotic tools. Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down hole. Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off production at one level and increasing it from another. Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids being separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones

Drivers Improved Reliability
Optimum Production leading to longer well and reservoir life. Optimization of reservoir drainage No mechanical intervention is required freeing up resources. Lower Operating Cost Less number of work overs Decrease Water Production Better sand control Increase Reservoir Knowledge Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements Improved reservoir characterization (saturation, structure, pressure, temperature)

Smart Well Packers Hydraulic or Electrical Control Lines Sensors
Inflow Control Valves ICV Surface Control Unit (Monitoring and Remote Operation)

Examples of Controls in Intelligent Wells
Controlling Commingled production Controlling Down Hole Water Separation Controlling Down Hole Gas Separation and Re-injection

Application for Intelligent Wells
Marginal Reserves Highly Deviated. Horizontal and MLW Deepwater Wells High Volume Wells Shell has about 20 intelligent wells worldwide and is working to increase that number. One of its showcase pieces is a well in the North Sea’s Brent field. The well produces oil but also has a perforated gas zone up hole that’s opened for a short period each year to meet a gas contract.

Oilfields Data Extract Clean Transform Load Data Store Data Warehouse
Interpret Analyze Communicate Decide Partners,Agencies Operation Management

Down hole Equipment Design Monitor Dynamic Production Data
Reservoir Management Team Devise Process Control Methodologies Life Cycle Cost and Benefits Modeling Processes Requiring Real time Management Down hole Equipment Design Monitor Dynamic Production Data

Completion Agenda At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Define completion Describe the process of completion List and define the different.

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Completion Agenda At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Define completion Describe the process of completion List and define the different.

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