1. Microprocessor and Interfacing 261214
Memory Organization
Microprocessor and Interfacing

2. CPU 8088
10 MHz
8/16 Bit
1M RAM

3. CPU 80486
66 MHz
32 Bit
8M RAM

4. Pentium
133 MHz
32 Bit
16M RAM

5. Pentium MMX
200 MHz
32 Bit
48M RAM

6. Pentium II
366 MHz
32 Bit
128M RAM

7. Pentium M
1.6 GHz
32 Bit
512M RAM

8. Core2 Duo
2.0 GHz
32/64 Bit
4G RAM

9. Core i5
1.33 – 1.86 GHz
32/64 Bit
4G RAM

10. What has changed the least?

11. MHz
RAM
CPU Bits

12. What does “Bits” mean?

13. A CPU “bits” is typically defined by:
ALU Size How many bits can be computed at one time?
Bus Size How many bits can be transferred on the bus?
Memory Address Size How many address bits are in the instruction?

14. How many bits
Is this PIC CPU?

15. 16-bit operation on a 8-bit CPU Microchip PIC16 series
int16 i;
i=1;
0017: BCF
0018: CLRF 22
0019: MOVLW 01
001A: MOVWF 21
i = i+2;
001B: MOVLW 02
001C: ADDWF 21,F
001D: BTFSC 03.0
001E: INCF 22,F

16. int16 i;
i=1;
0017: BCF
0018: CLRF 22
0019: MOVLW 01
001A: MOVWF 21
i = i+2;
001B: MOVLW 02
001C: ADDWF 21,F
001D: BTFSC 03.0
001E: INCF 22,F 1 1

17. 16-bit operation on a 16-bit CPU Microchip PIC24 series
int16 i;
i=1;
00210: MOV #1,W4
00212: MOV W4,802
i = i+2;
00214: MOV ,W4
00216: ADD W4,#2,W4
00218: MOV W4,802

18. ระบบ 32 Bit กำลังเจอทางตัน?

19. RAM ใหญ่ที่สุดที่ระบบ 32 bit มองเห็นมีค่าเป็นเท่าใด?

20. Memory Limit of 32bit Machines
= 4 Giga Bytes

21. How to support bigger memory?
1.Upgrade to 64-bit systems
64-bit OS
64-bit CPU

22. Limitation of moving to 64-bit systems (Note: Today’s 64 bit support legacy 32 apps. So, migration is easier)
Need 64-bit
Hardware Drivers
Applications
need to be re-compiled
with a 64-bit compiler

23. How to support bigger memory?
2. Expand the existing system
(Adding more bits)

24. วิธีแก้ปัญหาของ Intel
Physical Address Extension (PAE)
4 bits
32 bits
= 64 GB

25. PAE Support
CPU with PAE
(Since P-Pro)
PAE Aware OS

26. Benefits of PAE Limitations
Backward Compatible
Limitations
Taking advantage of the added memory still requires changes in the software

27. Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?

28. How big can we get? 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 ~ 18 exabyte
1 kilobyte 1 megabyte 1 gigabyte 1 terabyte 1 petabyte 1 exabyte 1 zettabyte 1 yottabyte 1 xonabyte 1 wekabyte 1 vundabyte
1,024 1,048,576 1,073,741,824 1,099,511,627,776 1,125,899,906,842,624 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024
264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616
~ 18 exabyte

29. Amount of RAM (GB) in a typical computer
About 4TB
in 2025 ปี

30. 64-Bit Architectures IA-64 AMD 64, EM64T Or X86-64
True 64bit CPU
Hybrid 32/64 bit CPU

31. A hybrid 32/64 bit system Has the benefits of a 64-bit programs
Can also run older 32-bit programs
32-Bit programs will not benefit from the 64-bit architecture
Architecture not as clean as true 64-bit systems

32. สองเรื่องน่ารู้เกี่ยวกับหน่วยความจำของ PIC Microcontroller

33. 1. When Memory Grows Beyond the Designer’s Anticipation (เมื่อหน่วยความจำขยายโตเกินคาดของผู้ออกแบบ)

34. 1.1 การอ้างอิงตำแหน่งใน Flash Memory

35. What is wrong with this call command?
0x500
คำสั่ง
0x501
CALL 0x900 …
0x900
คำสั่งถัดไป

36. K = 11 bit
Maximum memory = 2^11 = 2K Bytes

37. PIC 16F886 has 8K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it?7
4 3
PCLATH (F# 0x0A)
Bit 3-4 in PCLATH are used for memory access
Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8K Bytes

38. Creating a 13 bit memory address11 10
OPCODE
CALL or GOTO
k (Literal)
4 3 7
PCLATH 12 10
13 Bit Memory Address

39. PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2KBytes12 10 2K
PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2KBytes

40. Fix this program
0x500
คำสั่ง
0x501
CALL 0x900 …
0x900
คำสั่งถัดไป

41. Address 0x900 exceeds 11 bits 12 10
0x900 = 1 1
0x01
0x100

42. 0x900 = 1 1 0x4FF BCF PCLATH, 4 0x500 BSF PCLATH, 3 0x501 CALL 0x100 …12 10
0x900 = 1 1
0x01
0x100
0x4FF
BCF PCLATH, 4
0x500
BSF PCLATH, 3
0x501
CALL 0x100 …
0x900
คำสั่งถัดไป