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Prof. of International Business School of Nankai University

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1 Prof. of International Business School of Nankai University
Project Management Dr. Anbang Qi Prof. of International Business School of Nankai University

2 The Resources of the Materials
The main content is from “A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge” (PMBOK). The copyright belongs to the Project Management Institute. Its website is

3 Chapter 1 – Introduction
1. The history of project management There are three different times Old times-before 1940’s Traditional times-1940’s-1980’s Modern times-1980’s till now There are two main association: PMI-Project Management Institute IPMA-International Project Management Association, before called Internet.

4 Chapter 1 – Introduction
2. Modern Project Management There are two characteristics for MPM Enlarged management area-from 3 to 9 areas Expended to all projects not only the construction and engineering projects. Become a discipline of Management Operation or routine management Project and program management

5 Chapter 1 – Introduction
3. The importance of learning MPM All things start with project and then may or may not transit into operations. The project become the great means for a company to make profit in the knowledge economy since all innovations are realized through projects. The top management should deal with exceptions and that need PMP.

6 Chapter 1 – Introduction
4. The Definition of Project Project – temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service Has a definite beginning and end and interrelated activities Under the restriction of resources For some purpose of a organization or even a person.

7 Chapter 1 – Introduction
5. Typical Projects R & D projects BPR and Reorganization Information system integration Construction and Engineering Scientific research and Dissertation Olympic Games and other sports games Every kind shows and performance

8 Chapter 1 – Introduction
6. The Characteristics of a Project Products or Service are unique – characteristics are progressively elaborated Progressively: proceeding in steps Elaborated: worked with care and detail The work is temporary. Time limited There are resource restriction.

9 Chapter 1 - Introduction
7. The Definition of Project Management Project Management is the overall planning, control and coordination of project from inception to completion. Project Management focus on completing project on-time, within the allotted budget and defined scope, and satisfying the required quality standard.

10 Chapter 1 - Introduction
8. The Methods and Tools of PM Project Management should apply of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a defined project –balancing and integrating the following: Scope, time, cost, and quality Stakeholders’ expectations Requirements (needs) vs. unidentified requirements (expectations)

11 Chapter 1 - Introduction
9. The difference between Program and Project Programs adopt new set of objectives and continue to work; Projects cease when declared objectives have been attained Programs are groups of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available from managing the projects individually Most programs have elements of ongoing operations Series of repetitive or cyclical undertakings Projects is no ongoing operation, are often divided into “subprojects” for more manageability Often contracted out to external organizations

12 Chapter 1 - Introduction
10. Project Management Body of Knowledge Project integration management Project scope management Project time management Project cost management Project quality management Project human resource management Project communication management Project risk management Project procurement management All these make up a knowledge system of PM

13 The System of PMBOK Project Procurement Management Project Human
Resource Management Project Risk Management Project Cost Management, Project Time Management, Project Quality Management Project Scope Management Project Communication Management Project Integration Management The System of PMBOK

14 General management knowledge and practices
Application area knowledge and practices Generally accepted PM knowledge and practices PMBOK The relationship of the knowledge

15 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
1. Project Life Cycle Project Life Cycle defines or tells: The phases of the project (time) The work performed in each phase (work) The input and output of each phase (result) The milestone of each phase (end sign) Common Characteristics of Project Life Cycles: Cost and Staffing levels are low at start and move higher towards the end Probability of successfully completing project is low at beginning, higher towards the end as project continues Stakeholder influence is high at the beginning and progressively lowers as project continues

16 Installation substantially complete
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Project ”go” decision Major contract let Installation substantially complete Full operation Feasibility study -suggestion -feasibility -pre-design -approve Planning & Design -tech-design -cost estimate -scheduling -contracting -plan details Execution -fabrication -construction -installation -trial Turnover -final testing -maintenance Percentage Complete 100%

17 Concept Exploration and
Determi -nation of the Mission Need Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Concept Exploration and Definition Operation and Supporting Engineering and Manufacturing Development Production and Development Demons- tration and Validation Milestone 4 Major Modification Approvals Milestone 0 Concept Study Approval Milestone 1 Concept Demonstration Approval Milestone 2 Development Approval Milestone 3 Production Approval Project Life Cycle of DOD of USA for Acquisition

18 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
2. Phases of a Project Project Phases are marked by the completion of a deliverable Tangible, verifiable work product Review of deliverables and approval/denial are “phase exits, stage gates, or kill points” Phases are collected into the Project Life Cycle Set of defined work procedures to establish management control

19 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
3. Stakeholders of projects Stakeholders: individuals and organizations who are actively involved in the project Often have conflicting expectations and objectives In general, differences should be resolved in favor of the customer – individual(s) or organization(s) that will use the outcome of the project Stakeholder management is a proactive task Project Mangers must determine all stakeholders and incorporate their needs into the project

20 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
3. Stakeholders of projects Stakeholders are: Owners Sponsor Customers End User Contractor (Performing Organizations) Supplier Project Managers Project Teams Society and Citizens Others: government agent and so on

21 The relationship of stakeholders of projects
Owners Project Manager Supplier End User Customer Sponsor Society, Citizens Teams Others The relationship of stakeholders of projects

22 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
Stakeholders Management Performing Org. Mana. Project Team Mana. Project Manager 4. The Hierarchy of Project Organization Management

23 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
5. Organizational Systems The organizational system of Performing Organization is an very important environment factor for a project. Project based vs. Non-Project Based Project Based – derive revenues from performing projects for others (consultants, contractors), “management by projects” Non-Project Based – seldom have management systems designed to support project needs (manufacturing, financial services)

24 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
5. Organizational Systems Organizational Cultures and Styles: Entrepreneurial firms more likely to adopt highly participative Project Manager – accept higher risk/reward Hierarchical firms less likely to adopt participative Project Manager – take fewer risks

25 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
6. Organizational Structures Functional Organization More emphasis on functions, Specialists 1 supervisor – No career path in PM Projectized Organization Efficient Organization Lack of Professionalism Effective Communication, Duplication of functions Matrix Organization Visible Objectives PM Control – More than 1 boss, Potential for conflict More support – More complex to control Tough resource allocation,Information distribution Coordination – Policies & Procedures

26 STAFF STAFF P Line Department Chief Executive Functional Manager Line Depart. Director Project Coordination Functional and Liner Organization

27 Projectized Organization
STAFF Chief Executive Project Manager Functional Manager Project Coordination Projectized Organization

28 Chief Executive Line Department Line Depart. Director Functional Manager Project Manager STAFF P Project Coordination Matrix Organization

29 Composite Organization
Functional Manager Line Depart. Director Line Department STAFF P Chief Executive Composite Organization Manager of Project Managers Project Manager Project Coordination

30 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
7. Project Management Skills General Business Management (consistently producing results expected by stakeholders) Leading (establishing direction, aligning resources, motivating) Communicating (clear, unambiguous, and complete) Negotiating (conferring with others to reach an agreement) Problem Solving (definition and decision making) Distinguish causes and symptoms Identify viable solutions Influencing Organization (understanding power and politics)

31 Chapter 2 – Project Management Context
8. Socioeconomic Influences Standards – document approved that provides common, repeated use, rules and guidelines Regulations – document that identifies products, services or characteristics Standards often become actual regulations Internationalization Cultural Influences

32 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
Project Management requires active management of Project Processes Series of actions that achieve a result Project Management Processes Describing and organizing the work Product-Oriented Processes Specifying and creating the product

33 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
1. The Processes of Project Life Cycle Production oriented process Management oriented process Total Project Life Cycle Production oriented process Management oriented process Turnover Project life cycle including the operation phases General project LC Operation phases

34 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
2. Management Process Groups: Initiating processes: recognizing a project or phase should begin Planning processes: devising and maintaining a workable plan Executing processes: coordinating resources to execute the plan Controlling processes: ensuring project objectives are met; monitoring, correcting and measuring progress Closing processes: formalized acceptance

35 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
3. The Relationship of Process Groups Process Groups are linked by the results each produces Process Groups are overlapping activities with various levels of intensity Process Group interactions cross phases – “rolling wave planning” Individual processes have inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs (deliverables)

36 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
Links Among Process Groups in a Phase Closing Processes Controlling Processes Executing Processes Planning Processes Initiating Processes

37 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
Closing Processes Controlling Executing Planning Initiating Design Phase Implementation Phase Interaction between Phases of a project

38 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
控制过程 Planning Process Executing Closing Initiating Process Level of Activity Phase Start Phase Finish Overlap of Process Groups in a Phase of a project Controlling

39 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
4. The Initiating Processes Committing the organization to begin a project or a phase of a project Decision, Initiation, High-level planning, Charter Making

40 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes Core Planning Scope Planning – written statement Scope Definition – subdividing major deliverables into more manageable units Activity Definition – determine specific tasks needed to produce project deliverables Activity Sequencing – plotting dependencies Activity Duration Estimating – determine amount of work needed to complete the activities (continued)

41 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes Core Planning Schedule Development – analyze activity sequences, duration, and resource requirements Resource Planning – identify what and how many resources are needed to perform the activities Cost Estimating – develop resource and total project costs Cost Budgeting – allocating project estimates to individual work items Project Plan Development – taking results from other planning processes into a collective document

42 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes Facilitating (Planning) Processes Quality Planning – standards that are relevant to the project and determining how to meet standards Organizational Planning – identify, document, and assigning project roles and responsibilities Staff Acquisition – obtaining the human resources Communications Planning – determining rules and reporting methods to stakeholders (continued)

43 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes Facilitating (Planning) Processes Risk Identification – determining what is likely to affect the project and documenting these risks Risk Quantification – evaluating risks and interactions to access the possible project outcomes Risk Response Development – defining enhancement steps and change control measures Procurement Planning – determining what to buy and when Solicitation Planning – documenting product requirements and identifying possible sources

44 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes The order of planning events : Scope Statement Create Project Team Work Breakdown Structure WBS dictionary Finalize the team Network Diagram Estimate Time and Cost Critical Path Schedule Budget (continued)

45 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
5. Planning Processes The order of planning events (continued) Procurement Plan Quality Plan Risk Identification, quantification and response development Change Control Plan Communication Plan Management Plan Final Project Plan Project Plan Approval Kick off

46 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
6. Executing Processes Project Plan Execution – performing the activities Complete Work Packages Information Distribution Scope Verification – acceptance of project scope Quality Assurance – evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis; meeting standards Team Development – developing team and individual skill sets to enhance the project Progress Meetings (continued)

47 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
6. Executing Processes Information Distribution – making project information available in a timely manner Solicitation – obtaining quotes, bids, order, proposals as appropriate Source Selection – chooseing appropriate suppliers Contract Administration – managing vendor relationships

48 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
7. Controlling Processes To regularly measure project performance and to adjust project plan Take preventive actions in anticipation of possible problems Overall Change Control – coordinating changes across the entire project plan Scope Change Control – controlling “scope creep” Schedule Control – adjusting time and project schedule of activities (continued)

49 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
7. Controlling Processes Cost Control – managing project budget Quality Control – monitoring standards and specific project results; eliminating causes of unsatisfactory performance Performance Reporting – status, forecasting, and progress reporting schedule Risk Response Control – responding to changes in risk during the duration of the project

50 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
8. Closing Processes Administrative Closure – generating necessary information to formally recognize phase or project completion Contract Close-out – completion and delivery of project deliverables and resolving open issues Procurement Audits Product Verification Formal Acceptance Lessons Learned Update Records Archive Records Release Team

51 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
9. The Skills for Process of Groups Influencing the organization Leading Problem Solving Negotiating Communicating Meetings Project Selection Techniques Comparative Approach (similar projects) Constrained Optimization (mathematical approach)

52 Chapter 3 – Project Management Processes
10. Customizing Process Integration Not all of the processes will be needed on all projects, and not all of the interactions will apply to all projects. Key aspect of scope verification is customer acceptance Remember that only 26 % of projects are succeed

53 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
It is the processes required to ensure that the project includes all, and only, work required It is used to define what “is/is not” included in the project The project scope shows the work that must be done and measured against project plan The product scope defines features and functions included in the product or service, and that is measured against requirements It is primarily concerned with defining and controlling what is or is not included in the project.

54 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
Owner’s expectation Defined project scope Actual result The philosophy of project scope management

55 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
There are 5 project scope management processes. They are: 1. Initiation-committing the organization to begin the next phase of the project. 2. Scope Planning-developing a written scope statement as the basis for future project decisions. 3. Scope Definition-subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. 4. Scope Verification-formalizing acceptance of the project scope. 5. Scope Change Control-controlling changes to project scope.

56 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
These processes interact with each other and with the processes in the other knowledge areas as well. Each process may involve effort from one or more individuals or groups of individuals based on the needs of the project. Each process generally occurs at least once in every project phase.

57 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
2. Initiation Process A process of formally recognizing that a new project exists, or an existing project continue to next phase It involves feasibility study, preliminary plan, or equivalent analysis Authorized as a result of: Market Demand, Business Need; Customer Request, Technological Advance; Legal Requirement or others

58 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
2. Initiation Process Inputs: Product Description – characteristics of the product/service that the project was to create Less detail in early phases, more comprehensive in latter Initial product description is usually provided by the buyer Strategic Plan – supportive of the organization's goals Project Selection Criteria – defined in terms of the product and covers range of management concerns (finance, market) Historical Information – results of previous project decisions and performance should be considered

59 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
2. Initiation Process Tools & Techniques Project Selection Methods: Benefit measurement models – comparative approaches, scoring models, economic models Constrained operation models – programming mathematical Decision models – generalized and sophisticated techniques Expert judgment Business Units with specialized skills Consultant Professional and Technical Associations Delphi Technique

60 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
2. Initiation Process Outputs Project Charter – formally recognizes project, created by senior manager, includes: Business need/Business Case Product description & title Signed contract Project Manager Identification & Authority level Senior Management approval Project’s Goals and Objectives Constraints – factors that limit project management team’s options Assumptions – factors that are considered true for planning purposes. Involve a degree of risk (continued)

61 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
3. Scope Planning Scope Planning – a process of developing a written statement as basis for future decisions Criteria to determine if the project or phase is successful Inputs: Product description Project Charter Constraints Assumptions

62 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
3. Scope Planning Tools & Techniques Product Analysis - - developing a better understanding of the product of the project Cost/Benefit Analysis – estimating tangible/intangible costs and returns of various project alternatives and using financial measures to assess desirability Alternatives Identification – generate different approaches to the project; “brainstorming” Expert Judgment

63 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
3. Scope Planning Outputs Scope Statement – documented basis for making project decisions and confirming understanding among stakeholders. Includes: Project justification –evaluating future trade-offs Project Product – summary of project description Project Deliverables – list of summary of delivery items Project Objectives – quantifiable criteria met for success. Supporting detail – includes documentation of all assumptions and constraints Scope Management Plan – how project scope is managed, change control procedure, expected stability, change identification and classification Control what is/is not in the project; prevents delivering “extra” benefits to the customer that were not specified/required

64 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
4. Scope Definition Subdividing major deliverables into smaller, manageable components Improve accuracy of cost, time, and resource estimates Define a baseline for performance measurement Clear responsibility assignments Critical to project success – reduces risk of higher cost, redundancy, time delays, and poor productivity Defines “what” you are doing; WBS is the tool

65 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
4. Scope Definition Inputs: Scope Statement Constraints – consider contractual provisions Assumptions Other Planning Outputs Historical Information

66 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
4. Scope Definition Tools & Techniques Work Breakdown Structure Templates Decomposition The main works in scope definition Major project deliverables and management approach Decide cost and duration estimates Tangible and verifiable results to enable performance management, how the work will be accomplished Verify correctness of decomposition-All items necessary and sufficient? Clearly and completely defined? Appropriately scheduled, budgeted, assigned?

67 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
4. Scope Definition Outputs Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) a deliverable-oriented grouping of project assignments that organizes and defines the scope of the project Each descending level represents further detail; smaller and more manageable pieces Each item is assigned a unique identifier collectively known as “code of accounts” Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary (WBSD) All work element descriptions included in a WBSD (work, schedule and planning information) Other formats:Contractual WBS, Organizational (OBS) , Resource (RBS) , Bill of Materials (BOM) , Project (PBS) – similar to WBS

68 An illustration of the WBS for a software development project
Project Management Product Requirement System Design Training and Transmitting Construction & Integration Time quality Cost Owner’s Requir. End User’s Requir. Analysis Result Logic Sys Design Physic Sys design Prog- ramming Integ- rating Testing User Docu-mentation Training Program Program An illustration of the WBS for a software development project Scope

69 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
5. Scope Verification Inputs Scope Definition Work Results – WBS, WBSD Product Documentation – description available for review (requirements) Tools & Techniques Inspection – measuring, examining, testing to determine if results conform to requirements Outputs Formal acceptance – documentation identifying client and stakeholder approval, customer acceptance of efforts

70 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
6. Scope Change Control Influencing factors to ensure that changes are beneficial Determining scope change has occurred Managing changes when they occur Thoroughly integrated with other control processes

71 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
6. Scope Change Control Scope Change Control Inputs: Work Breakdown Structure Performance Reports- issues reported Change Requests – expansion/shrink of scope derived from : External events (government regulations) Scope definition errors of product or project Value adding change – new technology Scope Management Plan

72 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
6. Scope Change Control Scope Change Control Tools & Techniques Scope Change Control System – defines procedures how scope change can occur All paperwork, tracking systems, approval levels Integrated with overall change control procedures Performance Measurement – determine what is causing variances and corrective actions Additional Planning

73 Chapter 4 – Project Scope Management
6. Scope Change Control Scope Change Control Outputs: Scope Changes – fed back through planning processes, revised WBS Corrective Actions Lessons Learned – cause and reasoning for variances documented for historical purposes

74 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
It includes the processes required to ensure timely completion of the project. The major processes are: Activity Definition-identifying the specific activities that must be performed to produce project deliverables. Activity Sequencing-identifying and documenting interactivity dependencies. Activity Duration Estimating-estimating the work periods needed to complete individual activities. Schedule Development-analyzing activity sequences, durations,and resource requirements for the schedule. Schedule Control-controlling changes to the schedule.

75 WBS Activity Definition identifying the specific activities
Schedule Development analyzing sequences, durations, and resource requirements Activity Duration Estimating estimating work periods needed to complete individual activities Activity Sequencing identifying and documenting interactivity dependencies Schedule Control -controlling changes to the schedule WBS Activity Breakdown Analysis Activity Sequencing interactivity dependencies Critical Path estimating work periods needed Measures for time management Arrange activity time schedule Actual change control Change requirement

76 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
2. Activity Definition Identifying and documenting specific activities to produce project deliverables identified in the WBS Must be defined to meet the project objectives

77 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
2. Activity Definition Inputs WBS – primary input Scope Statement – project justification & project objectives Historical Information Constraints Assumptions

78 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
2. Activity Definition Tools & Techniques Decomposition – outputs are expressed as activities rather than deliverables Templates – reuse from previous projects

79 The illustration of activity definition of a construction project
Plant construction project Construction M. Scope M. Time M. Cost M. The illustration of activity definition of a construction project Design subproject Building subproject Integration M. Construction work ····· Construction Installation Hand over Site preparing Design management Design work Structure D. Shop Drawing Installation D. Architecture D. ··· Estimate Budget Payment Control Settlement Foundation Framework a component planning Executing Changing

80 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
2. Activity Definition Outputs Activity List – all to be performed; extension to the WBS and includes description to ensure team members understand work to be performed Supporting Detail – organized as needed and include all assumptions and constraints WBS Updates – identify missing deliverables and clarify deliverable descriptions. WBS updates often called refinements; more likely using new technologies in project

81 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
3. Activity Sequencing Identifying and documenting interactive dependencies among activities. Support later development of a realistic schedule

82 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
3. Activity Sequencing Inputs: Activity List Product Description Mandatory Sequencing physical limitations, hard logic, inherent in nature of work being done Discretionary Dependencies defined by project management team; “best practices” or unusual aspects of project – soft logic, preferred logic, preferential logic External Dependencies relationship between project activities and non-project activities Constraints Assumptions

83 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
3. Activity Sequencing Tools & Techniques Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) constructing network diagram using Activity On Node (AON) or Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM), to indicate dependencies Includes 4 types of dependencies: Finish to Start – “from” activity must finish before “to” activity can begin Finish to Finish – “from” activity must finish before the next may finish Start to Start – “from” activity must start before next “to” activity can start Start to Finish – task must start before next activity can finish Project Time Management Software Network Templates – standardized networks be used.

84 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
3. Activity Sequencing Outputs: Project Network Diagram schematic display of project activities and relationships (dependencies). Should be accompanied by a summary narrative that describes the diagram approach Activity List Updates

85 B A C Start End E F D C F End Start A B D E
Project Network Diagram with Activity On Node (AON) B A C Start End E F D Project Network Diagram with Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)

86 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
4. Activity Duration Estimating Involves assessing number of work periods needed to complete identified activities Requires consideration of elapsed time, calendars, weekends, and day of week work starts

87 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
4. Activity Duration Estimating Inputs: Activity Lists Constraints Assumptions Resource Requirements Resource Capabilities human and material resources, expertise Historical Information Previous Project Files, Commercial Duration Estimates, Project Team Knowledge

88 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
4. Activity Duration Estimating Tools & Techniques Expert Judgment guided by historical information should be used whenever possible; high risk without expertise avail. Simulation using different sets of assumptions (Monte Carlo Analysis) to drive multiple durations Analogous Estimating “top down estimating” – use actual, similar, previous known durations as basis for future activity duration. Used when limited knowledge is available. Form of expert judgment

89 Probability Time Time 1--Optimistic time Time 2- Most Likely time
Illustration of the duration simulations Probability ±3δ Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 An activity Critical path Time 1--Optimistic time Time 2- Most Likely time Time 3-Pessimistic time Time

90 Path No.2 (critical path)
5 days F End Start A B D 10 days E Project Network Diagram with time duration estimate using Activity On Node (AON) Path No.1 Path No.2 (critical path) Path No.3

91 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
4. Activity Duration Estimating Outputs: Activity Duration Estimates Quantitative assessments of work periods to complete an activity. Should indicate a range +/- of possible results Basis of Estimates all assumptions should be documented Activity List Updates

92 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
5. Schedule Development Determining start and finish dates for project activities Schedule development process often repeat as more information becomes available (process inputs) Without realistic dates, project unlikely to be finished as scheduled

93 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
5. Schedule Development Inputs: Project Network Diagram Activity Duration Estimates Resource Requirements Resource Pool Description Calendars Project Calendars and Resource Calendars Constraints Imposed Dates, Key Events or Milestones that are required Assumptions Lead and Lag Time dependencies may specify time in order to satisfy relationship (example – 2 weeks to receive order)

94 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
5. Schedule Development Tools & Techniques Critical Path Method One time estimate per task (Most Likely) Emphasis on controlling cost and leaving schedule flexible Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) probabilistic treatment of network and activity duration estimates Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Sequential network and weighted average duration. Using 3 Time estimates per activity:Optimistic, Pessimistic and Most Likely time. Using weighted average duration( (T1+4T2+T3)/6) to calculate project duration (continued)

95 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
5. Schedule Development Tools & Techniques Monte Carlo Simulation – It tells: Probability of completing a project on any specific day Probability of completing a project for any specific amount of cost Overall Project Risk Resource Leveling Heuristics leveling resources that apply to critical path activities “resource constrained scheduling” or “Resource Based Method” Project Management Software Project Manger’s role Provide the team with necessary information to properly estimate the task Complete a right check of the estimate and formulate a reserve Project Team should be involved in determining task estimates with: Historical Records, Personal Guesses and Judgments.

96 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
5. Schedule Development Outputs: Project Schedule –Usually in following formats: Project Network Diagrams (with date information added) Bar or Gantt charts – activity start and end dates, expected durations Supporting Detail – all assumptions and constraints. Also include: Resource requirement by time period (resource histogram) Alternative schedules (best/worst case) Schedule reserve/risk assessments Schedule Management Plan – how updates are managed Resource requirement updates – leveling and activity impact

97 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
6. Schedule Control Influencing factors which create schedule changes to ensure changes are beneficial Determining that schedule has changed Managing actual changes as they occur

98 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
6. Schedule Control Inputs Project Schedule baseline approved, measure against project performance Performance Reports planned dates met, issues Change Requests Schedule Management Plan

99 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
6. Schedule Control Tools & Techniques Schedule Change Control System defines procedures for schedule changes, paperwork, approval, tracking systems Performance Measurement assess magnitude of variations to baseline; determine if corrective action is needed Additional Planning Project Management Software

100 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
6. Schedule Control Outputs: Schedule Updates for any modifications or stakeholder notification Revisions change scheduled start and finish dates “Re-baseline” may be needed in drastic situations Corrective Action re-align performance with project plan Lessons Learned

101 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
7. General Comments Projects can have more than 1 critical path (increases risk) and can involve dummy tasks Resource Leveling involves possibly letting schedule and cost slip Schedules are calendar based – makes this different than a time estimate To shorten project schedule with the critical path add more resources to the critical path tasks--usually results in increased cost performing tasks in parallel--can result in re-work and increased risk Best to select method that has least impact on the project (is the importance on cost, risk or schedule?)

102 Chapter 5 – Project Time Management
7. General Comments Different techniques have different advantages and disadvantages Bar (Gantt) Charts Weak Planning Tool, effective progress and reporting tool Does not show interdependencies of tasks Does not help organize the project more effectively Network Diagrams (PERT, CPM, PDM) Shows task interdependencies Aids in effectively planning and organizing work Provides a basis for project control Milestone Charts Only shows major events Good for reporting to management and customer Flow Charts tell workflow and not commonly used for project management

103 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
Ensure that the project is completed within budget Concerned with cost of resources needed to complete activities; Consider effect of project decisions on cost of using product “life-cycle costing” Most prospective financial impact of using the product is outside the project scope Consider information needs of stakeholders, controllable and uncontrollable costs (budget separately for reward and recognition systems)

104 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
Estimating should be based on WBS to improve accuracy Estimating should be done by the person performing the work Having historical records is key to improving estimates Costs (schedule, scope, resources) should be managed through estimates, budgeting and controlling A cost (schedule, scope, baseline) should be kept and not changed Plans should be revised as necessary during completion of work Corrective action should be taken when cost problems (schedule, scope and resources) occur.

105 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
Project Cost Management consists of: Resource Planning Cost Estimating Cost Budgeting Cost Controlling Earned Value Analysis

106 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
2. Resource Planning Determining what physical resources and quantities are needed to perform work Inputs : Work Breakdown Structure and Activity List Network Diagram Schedule and Risks Historical Information Scope Statement justification & objectives Resource Pool Description what resources are potentially available for resource planning Organizational Policies staffing, procurement

107 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
2. Resource Planning Tools & Techniques Expert Judgment Alternatives Identification Outputs: Resource Requirements what type & how many resources are needed for each activity in the Work Breakdown Structure

108 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
3. Cost Estimating Develop approximate costs of resources Distinguish estimating from pricing Estimating – likely amount Pricing – business decision Identify alternatives and consider realigning costs in phases to their expected savings

109 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
3. Cost Estimating Inputs: Work Breakdown Structure and Activity List Resource Requirements Resource Rates (if known) Activity Duration Estimates Historical Information –project files, commercial cost databases, team knowledge Chart Of Accounts – coding structure for accounting; general ledger reporting

110 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
3. Cost Estimating Tools & Techniques Analogous Estimating – “top down”; using actual costs from previous project as basis for estimate Quick - Less Accurate Parametric Modeling – uses project characteristics in mathematical models to predict costs (e.g.building houses) 2 types: Regression analysis, Learning Curve. Bottom Up Estimating – rolling up individual activities into project total with quantity survey and its list. More Accurate, Requires that project be defined and understood Computerized tools – spreadsheets, software

111 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
3. Cost Estimating Outputs Cost estimates – quantitative assessments of likely costs of resources required to complete tasks For all resources (labor, materials, supplies, inflation allowance, reserve) Expressed in units of currency Supporting Detail Description of scope (reference to the WBS) Documentation how estimate was developed Indication of range of possible results Assumptions Cost Management Plan how cost variances will be managed Cost Risk Associated to seller for Fixed Price; Associated to buyer for Time and Materials budget (cost plus profit)

112 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
3. Cost Estimating Accuracy of Estimates Cost Estimate: -25% - 75%; usually made during Initiation Phase Budget Estimate: -10% - 25%; usually made during the Planning phase Definitive Estimate: -5% - 10%; usually made during the Planning phase

113 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
4. Cost Budgeting Involves allocation of total estimate to individual work to establish a cost baseline to measure performance Inputs Cost Estimate Work Breakdown Structure and Activity List Project Schedule – includes planned start and finish dates for items costs are allocated to Needed to assign costs during the time period when the actual cost will be incurred

114 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
4. Cost Budgeting Tools & Techniques Same as Cost Estimating Tools and Techniques Management Reserve – Contingency for all risks Outputs Cost Baseline – time phased budget to measure and monitor cost performance Developed by summing estimated costs by period (S curve of values vs. time) Larger projects have multiple baselines to measure different aspects of cost performance

115 The illustration of project budgeting
Unexpected Situation Project Budget (Baseline) C2 C3 Expected Situation Schedule (calendars ) S3 S1 S2 The illustration of project budgeting

116 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
5. Cost Control Concerned with influencing factors that create changes to the cost baseline that are beneficial Determining that the cost baseline has changed Managing actual changes as they occur Monitor cost performance to detect variances Record all appropriate changes accurately Preventing incorrect, unauthorized changes being included in the cost baseline Informing stakeholders of authorized changes Determine the “why’s” of positive and negative variances Integrated will all other control processes (scope, change, schedule, quality)

117 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
5. Cost Control Inputs Cost Baseline Performance Reports with 3 methods: 50/50 Rule – task is considered 50% complete when it begins and gets credit for remainder 50% only when completed 20/80 Rule - task is considered 20% complete when it begins and gets credit for remainder 80% only when completed 0/100 Rule – task only credited when fully completed Change Requests Cost Management Plan

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5. Cost Control Tools & Techniques Cost Change Control System defines the procedures by which the cost baseline may be changed Performance Measurement assess magnitude of cost variations (Earned Value Analysis) and what is causing the variance Additional Planning examine alternatives Computerized Tools forecast planned costs, track actual costs, forecast effect of cost changes

119 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
5. Cost Control Outputs Revised Cost Estimate Modifications to cost information; require stakeholder approval and adjustments to other project areas Budget Updates changes to approved cost baseline; revised in response to scope changes Corrective Action Estimate at completion (EAC) – forecast of total expenditures Actual to date plus remaining budget modified by a factor (cost performance index) Current variances are seen to apply to future variances Actual to date plus new estimate for remaining work Original estimates are flawed, or no longer relevant Actual to date plus remaining budget Current variances are typical and similar variances will not occur in the future Lessons Learned

120 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
6. Earned Value Analysis Integrates cost and schedule Better that comparing projected vs. actual because time and cost are analyzed separately Terms: BCWS – Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (Plan Value) BCWP – Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (Earned Value) [(Work actually Performed)× (Budgeted Cost of that work) ACWP – Actual Cost of Work Performed (Actual Cost) BAC – Budget at Completion (total budget for the whole job) EAC – Estimate at Completion (what do we expect the total project to cost); EAC refers to when job is completed. ETC – Estimate to Completion (how much more do we expect to spend to finish the job), ETC refers to “this point on” VAC – Variance at Completion (how much over/under budget do we expect to be)

121 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
6. Earned Value Analysis Earned Value Analysis Formulas Variance (Plan – Actual) Cost Variance (CV): BCWP – ACWP; negative is over budget Schedule Variance (SV): BCWP – BCWS; negative is behind schedule Cost Performance Index (CPI): BCWP ACWP --I am only getting x¢ out of every $. (continued)

122 Chapter 6 – Project Cost Management
Earned Value Analysis Formulas Schedule Performance Index (SPI): BCWP BCWS I am only progressing x % of the planned rate Estimate at Completion (EAC): BAC CPI As of now we expect the total project to cost x$ Estimate to Complete (ETC): EAC – ACWP; how much will it cost from now to completion Variance at Completion: BAC – EAC; when the project is over how much more or less did we spend (most common way of calculating EVA) Negative is bad; positive results are good

123 The illustration of EV Analysis
SV=EV-PV = BCWP – BCWS The illustration of EV Analysis Cost Actual Cost Earned Value Schedule (calendars ) Budget (Baseline) Work performed Actual time spend PV 2 years 4 years EV AC CV= EV-AC = BCWP – ACWP Time Variance Variance at Com: BAC – EAC ETC= EAC – ACWP E A C

124 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
1. Quality Definition Quality is the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs Critical aspect is to turn implied needs into stated needs through project scope management Customer satisfaction – conformance to specifications (must produce what is stated) and fitness for use (must satisfy real needs) Management responsibility – requires participation of team; responsibility of management to provide resources Quality objectives are approved in conceptual stage by project owner

125 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
1. Quality Definition Responsibility to project quality Entire organization Ultimate – employee or owner Overall or Primary – Project Manager Design and Test Specifications – engineer Prevention over inspection Quality must be planned in not inspected in Quality attributes can be subjective, objective and are specific characteristics for which a project is designed and tested

126 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
Processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was designed Includes all activities of the overall management function that determine the quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities. These are implemented by quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement

127 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
3 major processes: Quality Planning identifying quality standards that are relevant to the project (Plan), by Project Manager, Project Owner Quality Assurance evaluating overall project performance to provide confidence that project will satisfy relevant quality standards (Implement or Execution); by Project Team Quality Control monitoring specific results to comply with quality standards and eliminating unsatisfactory performance causes (Check or Control); by Project Manager, Project Team Must address(do) the management of the project and the product of the project

128 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
3. Quality Planning Identifying which standards are relevant to project and how to satisfy – done during Project Planning Phases Inputs Quality Policy the overall intentions and direction of an organization with regard to quality as expressed by management Scope Statement Product Description Standards and Regulations Other Process Outputs processes from other knowledge areas (procurement planning)

129 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
3. Quality Planning Tools &Techniques Benefit/Cost Analysis consider trade-offs, benefit is less rework; cost is expense of project management activities Benchmarking comparing actual or planned practices to those of other projects Flowcharting Cause and effect diagramming (fishbone diagrams) illustrate how causes relate to potential problems or effects System or Process flowcharts – show how various elements of the system interrelate Design of Experiments analytical technique which defines what variables have most influence of the overall outcome

130 Quality Assurance Cost
Economic Quality Cost C Q Quality Cost C0 Economic Quality Illustration of Benefit/Cost Analysis Quality Failure Cost Quality Assurance Cost Total Quality Cost Quality L2 Quality L1

131 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
3. Quality Planning Outputs Quality Management Plan describes how team will implement its quality policy; describes the project quality system – organizational structures, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management Operational Definitions defines how an item is measured by the quality control process. Checklists structured tool used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed Inputs to other processes may identify a need for further activity in another area

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4. Quality Assurance All planned activities implemented within the quality system to provide confidence that the project will satisfy quality standards– done during Project Execution phases Inputs Quality Management Plan Results of quality control measurements (testing) Operational definitions(how an item is measured by the quality control process)

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4. Quality Assurance Tools & Techniques Quality planning tools & techniques Quality Audits structured review of quality management activities to identify lessons learned Outputs Quality improvements taking action to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project to provide added benefits to the stakeholders Most likely will involve change control

134 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
5. Quality Control Monitoring specific results to determine if they comply with quality standards, and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results, take corrective actions to keep the compliancy of quality standards --done during project Control phases Process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identify ways of eliminating unsatisfactory performance Performance of the measurement or process

135 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
5. Quality Control Inputs Work results include process and product results Quality Management Plan Operational Definitions Checklists

136 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
5. Quality Control Tools & Techniques Inspection Control Charts (see the chart on next page) Pareto diagrams Statistical sampling Flowcharting Trend Analysis forecast future outcomes based on historical results Technical performance (# of errors identified; # of errors that remain) Cost and Schedule performance (activities per period with significant variances)

137 Illustration of Control Chart
Upper Control Limit Upper Specification Limit Mean Lower Control Limit Lower Specification Limit Numbers of Sample Quality Specification Illustration of Control Chart Rule of 7

138 Chapter 7 – Project Quality Management
5. Quality Control Outputs Quality Improvement Acceptance Decisions (accept/reject) Rework action to bring defective item into compliance Completed checklists Process Adjustments immediate corrective/preventive actions Most likely involves change control

139 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
Ensures that the project processes are properly coordinated It is needed for overall project management and the communication within a project It is needed to perform project management well and systematically There are three processes in PIM Project Plan Development Project Plan Execution Overall Change Control These processes may occur repeatedly over the project duration

140 Project Scope Project Cost Project Quality Project Time The interactive relationship of project factors for integration management

141 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
2. Project Plan Development Uses outputs from other planning processes to create consistent document to guide project execution and control Iterated (repeated) several times Documents planning assumptions Documents planning decisions that are chosen Facilitates communication Defines key management reviews(point/time) Provides a baseline to track progress measurement and project control

142 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
2. Project Plan Development Inputs Other planning outputs: primarily the planning process outputs (WBS, base documents, application area inputs) Historical information – verify assumptions, records of past project performance Organizational policies – quality management, personnel administration, Financial controls Constraints – factors that limit performance, contractual provisions, budget Assumptions – risk factors

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2. Project Plan Development Tools & Techniques Project Planning Methodology – any structured approach (software, templates, forms, start-up meetings Stakeholder Skills & Knowledge – tap into plan development; use expertise for reasonableness PMIS – Out of the box approach to support all project aspects through closure

144 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
2. Project Plan Development Outputs Project Plan ( or PIP/master plan/main plan) is a collection that changes over time as more information about the project becomes available (see the details on next page) Baseline (for performance measurement) will change only in response to approved scope change Supporting Details to the Project Plan Outputs from planning processes Technical documentation Business requirements, specifications, and designs Relevant standards Additional information not previously known

145 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
2. Project Plan Development Project Plan includes some or all of the following: Project Charter Project Management approach or strategy Scope statement Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Key Staff, Major Milestones Change Control Plan, Communication Management Plan Budget, scheduled and quality responsibility assignments Required Staff Risks, constraints and assumptions Subsidiary management plans (scope, schedule) Open Issues and Pending Decisions

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3. Project Plan Execution Primary process for carrying out the project plan Most costly aspect of project management Direction of organizational resources and interfaces

147 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
3. Project Plan Execution Inputs: Project Plan Supporting Detail Organizational Policies Corrective Action – anything to bring expected performance in line with the project plan

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3. Project Plan Execution Tools & Techniques General Management Skills Product Skills and Knowledge – defined as part of planning, provided by staffing Work Authorization System – formal procedure for sanctioning work to ensure completion – written or verbal authorization Status review meetings – regular exchanges of information Project Management Information System Organizational Procedures

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3. Project Plan Execution Outputs Work results – the outcome of activities performed is fed into the performance reporting process Change Requests – expand/shrink project scope, modify costs and schedule estimates

150 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
4. Overall Change Control Influencing factors that create change to ensure beneficial results; ensure that change is beneficial Determining that change has occurred Managing actual changes as they occur Evaluate impact of change Meet with team to discuss alternatives Meet with management to present decision

151 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
4. Overall Change Control Change control requires Maintaining integrity of performance measurement baselines (project plan) Ensuring changes to scope are accurately recorded Coordinating changes across knowledge areas (scheduling, risk, cost, quality, etc.) Determine all factors that control change and pro-actively preventing the occurrence; evaluate the impact of change

152 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
4. Overall Change Control Inputs Project Plan – baseline performance Performance Reports – issue tracking, risk management Change Requests – orally or written, externally or internally initiates, legally mandated or optional

153 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
4. Overall Change Control Tools & Techniques Overall Change Control System – collection of formal procedures, paperwork, tracking systems, approval levels. Including: Change Control Board, Change Control Plan and Procedures, Performance Statistics, Reports, Change forms Specification reviews, Demonstrations, Testing, Meetings Configuration Management – documented procedure to apply technical and administrative direction ID and document functional and physical characteristics Control changes to these characteristics Record and report change and implementation status Audit items and system to verify requirements

154 Chapter 8 – Project Integration Management
4. Overall Change Control Outputs Project Plan Updates Corrective Actions Lessons Learned variance causes and reasoning documented for historical purposes What have we done, how can we do it better Technical Aspects of the project Project Management (WBS, plans, etc.) Overall Management (communications, leadership) Best to have whole team complete and made available

155 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
Definition of risk: a discrete occurrence that may affect the project for good or bad. Definition of uncertainty: an uncommon state of nature, characterized by the absence of any information related to a desired outcome. Definition of risk management: The process involved with identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk. maximizing results of positive events and minimizing consequences of negative events.

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Risk Management includes : Risk Identification Find out which are likely to affect the project Risk Quantification Evaluate the risk to assess the range of possible outcomes Risk Response Development define enhancement steps for opportunities and response. Sometimes called response planning/mitigation Risk Response Control respond to changes in risk over course of project. May be combined as risk management

157 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
2. Risk Identification Determine which risks are likely to affect the project and documenting them Performed on a regular basis; address internal and external risks Internal –project team has control/influence over External – beyond project team’s control Identify cause and effect and effects and causes; what could happen vs. what outcomes should be avoided

158 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
2. Risk Identification Inputs Product Description There are more risks associated with unproven technologies (innovation/invention). Often described in terms of cost and schedule impact Other Planning Reports WBS (any non-traditional approaches) Cost/Duration Estimates – aggressive schedules; limited information Staffing Plan – hard to replace/source skilled persons Procurement Management Plan – market conditions Historical Information previous projects: Project Files, Commercial Databases, Project Team Knowledge(members’ experiences)

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2. Risk Identification Tools & Techniques Checklists organized by source of risk, included project context, process outputs, product and technology issues, internal sources Flowcharting understand cause and effect relationships Interviewing conversations with stakeholders

160 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
2. Risk Identification Outputs Sources of Risk categories of possible risk events, all-inclusive (Changes in requirements, Design errors, omissions, misunderstanding, poorly defined roles and responsibilities, Insufficiently staff) Sources: External: Regulatory, environmental, government Internal: Schedule, cost, scope change, inexperience, planning, people, staffing, materials, equipment Technical: Changes in technology Unforeseeable: small (only about 10%) Risk I, Risk II Include estimate of probability, range of possible outcomes, expected timing, anticipated frequency (continued)

161 Classification of the Risks
The Whole Risks of a Project Classified by serious of results Classified by causes of risks Classified by risks conjunction Classified by Unfore-seeing Classified by probability Classified by objects of risks Classification of the Risks

162 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
2. Risk Identification Outputs Potential Risk Events Discrete (unusual) occurrences that may affect project New technologies obsolete needed by product Socio, Political and Economic events Include estimate of probability, range of possible outcomes, expected timing, anticipated frequency Risk Symptoms Early warning signs Risk Tolerances amount of risk that is acceptable Input to other management process (time, cost ,quality etc.)

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2. Risk Identification Common Stumbling Blocks Risk identification is completed without knowing enough about the project Project Risk evaluated only by questionnaire, interview or Monte Carlo; does not provided a per task analysis of risk Risk identification ends too soon Project Risk identification and Evaluation are combined – results in risks that are evaluated when they appear; decreased total number of risks and stops identification process Risks are identified too generally Categories of risks are forgotten (technology, culture) Only 1 identification method is used First risk response strategy is used without other consideration Risks are not devoted enough attention during the Execution phase

164 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
3. Risk Quantification Assess risks to determine range of possible outcomes; which risk events warrant (must have ) a response. This will involve: Opportunities and threats can provide unanticipated results (e.g. schedule delay is considered for a new strategy) Multiple effects from a single event Singular stakeholder’s opportunity may force suffering in other areas Reliance (based on ) on statistics and forecasting Probability and Amount of Impact Develop a ranking (priority) of risks Qualitative – take an educated guess Quantitative – estimation by calculation

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3. Risk Quantification Inputs Stakeholder risk tolerance More capital to expend; perceptions of severity Sources of Risk (from RI) Potential Risk Events(from RI) Cost Estimates Activity Duration Estimates

166 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
3. Risk Quantification Tools & Techniques Expected Monetary Value Product of 2 numbers P×V Risk Event Probability – estimate that event will occur Risk Event Value – estimate of gain or loss Statistical Sums Calculate range of total costs from cost estimates for individual work items with probabilities Simulation representation or model; provide statistical distribution of calculated results (Monte Carlo, Critical Path, PERT techniques) Decision Trees Expert Judgment Sensitivity Analysis estimate the effect of change of one project variable on overall project

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3. Risk Quantification Outputs Risk probability, Range of possible outcomes, Expected timing, Anticipated frequency Priorities of project risks Opportunities to pursue and threats to respond Opportunities to ignore and threats to accept

168 Analyze and value the serious of project risks results
The Process of Risk Assessment ( Risk Identification + Risk Quantification) Documents of risk identification End Yes No No. Collect all the information for risk identification Analysis and judgment of project risk Classification of project risks Analyze and value project risk probabilities Analyze and value risks & range of possible outcomes Analyze and value the serious of project risks results Analysis & value risks timing & causes Document the result of all analysis Risk? Project end? Develop PMIS for risk management Knowledge and experience of the team Report of Risk Identification

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4. Risk Response Development Defining enhancement steps for opportunities and responses to threats. Main responses are as follows: Avoidance – eliminating threat by eliminating the cause Mitigation – reducing expected monetary value of event by reducing the probability of occurrence Acceptance – accept the consequences (active - contingency plan - or passive response) Determine what will be done, how to make risk smaller or eliminate (not all risks can be eliminated)

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4. Risk Response Development Inputs Opportunities to pursue Threats to respond Opportunities to ignore Threats to accept

171 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
4. Risk Response Development Tools & Techniques Procurement acquire resources (exchange 1 risk for another) Contingency Planning defining action steps should a risk event occur Alternative Strategies(change planned approach) Avoidance – eliminate the cause Mitigation – effect the probability or impact of risk Acceptance – do nothing Deflection (transfer, allocate) – make another party responsible, outsourcing Insurance

172 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
4. Risk Response Development Outputs Risk Management Plan documents risks identified and how they are addressed; non-critical risks should be recorded to revisit during the execution phase Addresses risk identification and quantification processes, personnel responsible for managing areas of risk, maintenance of identification and quantification process, implementation of contingency plans and allocation of reserve Inputs to other processes alternative strategies, contingency plans, anticipated procurements Contingency Plans recommend total of 10% to account for known and unknown risks Contractual Agreements insurance, services and other functions to avoid and mitigate threats.

173 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
5. Risk Response Control executing and updating the Risk Management Plan in order to respond to risk events during the project Control and iteration (repeat) are required; not all risks can be identified in one time. Inputs Risk Management Plan Actual Risk Events recognize occurrence Additional Risk Identification (repeat) surfacing of potential or actual risk sources

174 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
5. Risk Response Control Tools & Techniques Workarounds unplanned responses to negative risk events that were unanticipated(response was not defined in advance) Contingency Plans Take planned responses according to contingency plans Additional Risk Response Development Do the risk response development once more Three phases risk control method Potential phase Risk occurring phase Reduce the risk impact phase

175 Chapter 9 – Project Risk Management
5. Risk Response Control Outputs Corrective Action performing the planned risk response Updates to Risk Management Plan

176 Project risk respond development and control process
Establish the risk control system according to the RI report Determine the risk respond control activities needed for the project Assign the responsibility of the risk control to specific persons Make up Risk Management Plan and Contingency Plans Execute the plans and change the plans Take Corrective Action and do Workarounds Monitoring the risk respond control result Project end? Risk control end Return to RI&RQ yes No Project risk respond development and control process

177 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
1. Project Human Resource Management Processes required to make the most efficient use of people involved with the project (stakeholders) 3 major processes: Organizational Planning Staff Acquisitions Team Development Keep in mind of transient (time limited and only one time) nature of projects for its HRM Ensure HR compliance with project management activities

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1. Project Human Resource Management 1,9 manager = good relationship with team Project Organization Conflict between PM and Functional Managers Dual allegiance (two boss) of team members Compromise =otherwise both sides will lose Delegation If there is a team of experts, PM decisions will promote high satisfaction Functional/Project Managers likely to exercise:Power, Authority and Influence

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2. Organizational Planning Identifying, documenting and assigning project roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships Individual and group assignments Internal and external employees Linked with communication planning

180 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
2. Organizational Planning Inputs Project Interfaces Organizational interfaces – formal and informal reporting relationships among organizational units (the enterprise) Technical interfaces - formal and informal reporting relationships among technical disciplines,Engineers, manufacturers(stakeholder) Interpersonal interfaces – formal and informal reporting relationships among individuals (project) Staffing Requirements – define skill sets for individual/group in particular time frames Constraints – factors that limit project team’s options Organizational structure (strong vs. weak matrix) Collective bargaining agreements – contractual arrangements Preferences of project management team Expected staff assignments

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2. Organizational Planning Tools & Techniques Templates – reuse a similar project’s role and responsibility definitions Human Resource Management Practices – corporate policies, guidelines, and practices Organizational Theory – how organizations are structured (functional, projectized,matrix) Stakeholder Analysis – needs of stakeholders are ensured

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2. Organizational Planning Outputs (continued) Role and Responsibility Assignments Utilizes a Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) to define responsibility for each item in the Work Breakdown Structure/task or activity list Roles and responsibilities Project Manger – plan, estimate and schedule of project Team – help prepare the WBS, Network Diagrams, and estimate time for tasks, complete tasks Senior Management – approve Overall project plan, budget and schedule and to approve any changes that are made to those figures The person experiencing the problem must try to solve it themselves as long as means are in their control

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2. Organizational Planning Outputs (continued) Staffing Management Plan when and how personnel are included and removed from the project team. Resource leveling, reduce transition periods, eliminate “dead time” between assignments, sensitivity to morale Organizational Chart Organization chart can display the project reporting relationships. An Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) is a specific type of organization chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for which work items. Supporting Detail Organizational impact,Job descriptions,Training needs

184 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
3. Staff Acquisition Ensure labor and human resources are available for project work Involve getting the human resources needed (individuals or groups) and assigned to or working on the project. Inputs Staffing Management Plan Staffing Pool Description Previous experience Personal interests Personal characteristics Availability Recruitment Practices

185 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
3. Staff Acquisition Tools & Techniques Negotiations with functional managers and other teams (Staff utilization and corporate politics) Pre-assignment – result of a competitive proposal, or an internal initiative Procurement – outside services are needed (lacking internal skills or availability can not be met)

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3. Staff Acquisition Outputs Project staff assigned Project Team Directory – contact list

187 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
4. Team Development Enhancing stakeholders to contribute along with maintaining the project team’s functionality Personal development is the foundation Team members often balance responsibilities to a functional manager and project manager Critical to success of project

188 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
4. Team Development Inputs Project Staff Project Plan Staffing Management Plan Performance Reports External Feedback Periodic measurements of performanc

189 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
4. Team Development Tools & Techniques Team-building activities General Management Skills Reward and recognition systems Promote desired behavior Must be achievable; apply to the project Cultural differences recognition Co-location – place members in physical location Training – enhance skills, knowledge, and capabilities of project team Must be factored in cost analysis of project

190 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
4. Team Development Outputs Performance Improvements Individual skills Team Behavior Identify more efficient methods of work Input for performance appraisals

191 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
5. Other things for HRM Conflict Inevitable consequence of organizational interactions Can be beneficial Resolved by identifying the causes and problem solving by people that are involved & their immediate manager Nature of project Limited power of the project manager Necessity for obtaining resources from functional managers Conflict Sources (in order of frequency) 1)Schedules, 2)Project Priorities, 3)Resources,4)Technical opinions, 5)Administrative Procedures,6)Cost,7)Personality

192 Chapter 10 – Human Resource Management
5. Other things for HRM Conflict Avoiding Informing the team Clearly assigning tasks without ambiguity Challenging and interesting work assignments Leadership Skills Directive, Facilitating, Coaching, Supportive Projectized Organization Conflict between PM and Functional Managers Dual Allegiance of team members Complex prioritization of resources Loss of developed procedures on project dissolution

193 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
Processes to ensure timely and proper generation, collection, dissemination and disposition of project information General communications management Communications Planning – determining informational needs, who needs what and when; 90% of PM’s time is spent on communicating Information Distribution – making information available Performance Reporting – collecting and disseminating project information Administrative Closure – formalize project/phase completion (continued)

194 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
Communication Methods Pick the form of communication that is best for the situation Formal Written – complex problems, all plans, communicating over long distances Formal Verbal – presentations, speeches Informal Written – memos, , notes Informal Verbal – meetings, conversations Communication Blockers Noise, Distance, Improper en-coding, “bad idea”, Hostility, Language, Culture

195 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
2. Communications Planning Determining information requirements of stakeholders Tightly linked with organizational planning There are 5 directions of communication Top down Bottom up The peer Internal External Complex messages need oral, written and non verbal methods Least effective form of communication for complex situations is verbal and formal

196 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
2. Communications Planning Inputs Communication requirements Internal and External communication needs (media) Communication Technology – used to transfer information Immediacy of need for information Availability of technology Expected project staffing Constraints factors that limit project team’s options Assumptions

197 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
2. Communications Planning Tools & Techniques Stakeholder analysis informational needs should be analyzed to develop methodology suited for the project; eliminate unnecessary information or technologies Communications model Send process Receive proce. Transit proce. Info.Transit noise Illustration of Communication Model idea encode receive decode Unders. feedback

198 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
2. Communications Planning Outputs Communication Management Plan Collection and filing structure to detail the gathering and storage of information; updating and dissemination Distribution structure – who gets info in certain format; compatible with project organization chart Description of information included – format, level of detail, conventions Production schedules of each type of communication Methods for accessing information Method for updating and refining communications plan

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3. Information Distribution making information available in a timely manner by implementing the communications plan; responding to requests for information by stakeholders Inputs Work Results Communication Management Plan Project Plan

200 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
3. Information Distribution Tools & Techniques Communication Skills used to exchange information. Sender is responsible for clarity; receiver is responsible for receipt and understanding Information retrieval systems filing systems, software Information distribution systems meetings, correspondence, networked databases, video/audio conferencing Outputs Project Records maintained in an organized fashion

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4. Performance Reporting Collecting and disseminating performance indicators to provide stakeholders information how resources are achieving project objectives Status reporting Progress reporting Forecasting Variance Report (actual results vs. planned) Earned Value Project scope, schedule, cost and quality, risk and procurement

202 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
4. Performance Reporting Inputs Project Plan Work Results – deliverables completed, % completed, costs incurred Other Project records

203 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
4. Performance Reporting Tools & Techniques Performance review meetings(to assess status) Variance Analysis (comparing actual results to planned) Trend Analysis (to determine future performance) Earned Value Analysis integrates scope, cost and schedule measures calculate 3 keys: Budgeted Cost of Work (BCWS) Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP) Earned Value (Budgeted Cost of Work Performed – BCWP) Cost Variance (CV) = BCWP – ACWP Schedule Variance (SV) = BCWP – BCWS Cost Performance Index (CPI) = BCWP/ACWP Information Distribution Tools & Techniques

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4. Performance Reporting Outputs Performance Reports – organize and summarize information gathered and present results Bar charts, Gantt charts, S-curves, etc. Change Requests – handled as part of change control

205 Chapter 11 – Project Communications Management
5. Administrative Closure Projects/phases after achieving results or terminated require closure Verifying and documenting project results to formalize acceptance Collection of project records, analysis of effectiveness, reflect final specifications and archiving of material

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5. Administrative Closure Inputs Performance Measurement Documentation includes planning docs; all information that records and analyzes performance Documentation of product and project Other project records

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5. Administrative Closure Tools & Techniques Performance Reporting tools & techniques Outputs Product Archives complete index of all records, database updates Formal Acceptance signoffs from client or sponsor Lessons Learned

208 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
Processes required to acquire goods and services from outside the organization Processes including Procurement Planning, Solicitation Planning, Source Selection, Contract Administration and Contract Close Out Discussed from the perspective of the buyer Terms and conditions of the contract is a key input to many processes Buyer is the customer, thus a key stakeholder Seller’s project management team must be concerned with all processes of project management, not just their knowledge area Most questions are from the buyer’s perspective

209 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
2. Procurement Planning Identify project needs that can best be met by acquiring resources Consideration whether to procure, how to, how much, when to purchase Subcontractor decisions may provide flexibility Internal procurement does not involve formal solicitation and contract

210 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
2. Procurement Planning Inputs Scope Statement – boundary for needs and strategies Product Description – broad technical issues, not to be confused with a statement of work Procurement Resources – formal contracting group (RFP) Market Conditions – supply and demand, what services are available Other Planning Outputs – preliminary cost and schedule, quality management plans, cash flow, WBS, risks, staffing Constraints – factors that limit buying options Assumptions

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2. Procurement Planning Tools & Techniques Make or Buy analysis – determine if the service can be provided from within Include direct and indirect costs Factor ongoing need for items vs. 1-time usage Expert Judgment – assess input Contract type selection Fixed Price (lump sum) – incentives for meeting targets Cost Reimbursable Contracts – Time and Materials basis Unit Price – preset amount per unit of service

212 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
2. Procurement Planning Outputs from Procurement Planning Procurement Management Plan – describes how procurement process will be managed. Including: Type of contract Independent estimates needed? Autonomy of project team Standardized documents Multiple provider management? Incorporate with other project aspects (scheduling and performance reporting) Statement of Work (SOW) – describes the procurement in detail – clear, concise description of services Can also be a Statement of Requirements for problem-solving activities

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3. Solicitation Planning To seek to obtain with enquiry, quotation, offer and counteroffer Preparing documents needed for procurement Inputs Procurement Management Plan Statement of Work Other Planning Outputs Tools & Techniques Standard Forms and Procedures for buying & bidding Contract, bid documents standard descriptions of procurement items Expert Judgment

214 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
Standard Procedures for Buying Standard Procedures for Bidding enquiry quotation counteroffer offer accept Form a work group for bid Prepare bid documents Invitation for Negotiation Discussion of bids Invitation for tendering Collect tendering files and deposit Examine the tenderers Evaluate and Choose

215 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
3. Solicitation Planning Outputs Procurement Documents – used to solicit proposals from prospective sellers Bids, Request for Proposal, Request for Quotation, Contractor Initial Response, etc. Structure to receive complete and accurate responses Description of desired form of response and any required contractual provisions (e.g. non-disclosure statements) Flexible to allow seller suggestions Evaluation Criteria – rate proposals; objective or subjective Price, Understanding of need by seller Overall/Life Cycle cost (purchase plus operating cost) Technical Capability, Management Approach Financial Capacity Statement of Work Updates

216 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
4. Solicitation Obtaining information(bids and proposals) from prospective sellers Inputs Procurement Documents Qualified Seller Lists – preferred vendors Tools & Techniques Bidder Conferences – mutual understanding meetings Advertising – primarily with Government projects Outputs Proposals – seller prepared documents describing willingness and ability to provide the service

217 Chapter 12 – Project Procurement Management
5. Source Selection Apply evaluation criteria (seldom straight-forward) Price (lowest price may not always result in lowest project cost) Technical (approach) vs. commercial (price) Multiple sourcing may be needed for same service Select the suppliers or contractors Inputs Proposals Evaluation Criteria Organizational Policies

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5. Source Selection Tools & Techniques Contract Negotiation – clarification and mutual agreement on structure and requirements of contract prior to signature Responsibilities and authorities Applicable terms and law Financing and Price Technical and business management Weighting – quantifying data to minimize personal prejudice of source selection Assign numerical weight to evaluation criteria Rating sellers Multiply weight by rating and totaling overall score Screening System – establish minimum performance criteria Independent Estimates – “should cost” estimates

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5. Source Selection Outputs from Source Selection Contract – mutually binding agreement obligates seller provide goods and services and buyer to make payment. It may be called, among other names, a contract, an agreement, a subcontract, a purchase order, or a memorandum of understanding That establish: Legal relationship Legal review is most often necessary

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6. Contract Administration Ensuring that the seller’s performance meets contractual requirements Project Team must be aware of legal affaires of all actions taken Apply project management processes to contractual relationships and integrate outputs within the project Project Plan Execution (authorize work) Performance Reporting (monitor cost, schedule) Quality Control (verify contractor’s output) Change Control Financial Management

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6. Contract Administration Inputs to Contract Administration Contract, centralized vs. decentralized contracting Work Results – seller’s deliverables, quality standards, actual costs Change Requests – modify contract, or description of product/service May result in disputes, claims, appeals Seller Invoices The seller must submit invoices from time to time to request payment for work performed. Invoicing requirements, including necessary supporting documentation, are usually defined in the contract.

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6. Contract Administration Tools & Techniques Contract Change Control System – defines how a contract may be modified Includes paperwork, tracking system, dispute resolution procedures and approval levels Performance Reporting provides management with information about how effectively the seller is achieving the contractual objectives. Payment System – Accounts Payable Payments to the seller are usually handled by the accounts payable system of the performing organization or the owner. The system must include appropriate reviews and approvals by the project management team.

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6. Contract Administration Outputs Correspondence Contract terms and conditions of written documentation of certain aspects of buyer/seller communications. Contract changes Changes (approved and unapproved) are fed back through the appropriate project planning and project procurement processes, and the project plan or other relevant documentation is updated as appropriate. Payment requests or payments “Payment requests” for when using an external payment system, “payments.” for when using own internal system.

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7. Contract Close Out Similar to administrative closure; involves product verification and administrative paperwork The contract terms and conditions may prescribe specific procedures for contract close-out. Early termination is a special case Inputs Contract Documentation the contract itself along with all supporting schedules, requested and approved contract changes, any seller-developed technical documentation, seller performance reports, financial documents such as invoices and payment records, and the results of any contract-related inspections.

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7. Contract Close Out Tools & Techniques Procurement Audits – structured review of entire procurement process; identify successes and failures that warrant transfer to other procurement items All documentation must be preserved and filed Outputs Contract File – complete index of records Formal Acceptance and Closure contract administration responsibility to provide a formal notice that contract has been completed Requirements for formal acceptance and closure are usually defined in the contract.

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8. Other things related to Procurement What forms a contract An offer, counteroffer, An acceptance Consideration - something of value,V=F/C Legal Capacity – separate legal parties, competent parties Legal Purpose – can not perform illegal goods or services

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8. Other things related to Procurement Project Manager’s role for procurement Risk identification and evaluation Work within the procurement process Contract Type Selection – reasonable risk between the buyer and seller and greatest initiative for seller’s efficient and economic performance Scope – well defined? Amount or frequency of changes expected after start date Amount of effort and expertise the buyer can devote to manage the seller Industry standards

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8. Other things related to Procurement Cost Reimbursable (CR) contracts; seller’s cost are reimbursed; buyer bears highest risk. CPFF – cost plus fixed fee, buyer pays all costs – fee (profit) established(fixed) CPPC – cost plus percentage of costs; bad for buyers (seller not motivated to control costs) CPIF – cost plus Incentive Fee; seller costs + fee + bonus for meeting/exceeding target (incentive clause)

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8. Other things related to Procurement Cost based on Time and Materials; priced on per hour basis, elements of fixed price contract and cost reimbursable contracts – buyer has medium risk Fixed Price (lump sum, or firm fixed price) - most common (1 price for all work), risk of costs is upon seller FPIF – Fixed Price Incentive Fee FPEPA – Fixed Price Economic Price Adjustment – long duration projects Incentives – help bring seller’s objectives in line with buyer’s

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8. Other things related to Procurement Incentive Fee and Final Price Calculations Must Have: Target Cost Target Fee Target Price Sharing Ratio (buyer/seller) Actual Cost Fee = (Target Cost – Actual Cost) x Seller Ratio (%) (incentive fee) Total Fee = Fee + Target Fee Final Price = Actual Cost + Total Fee

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8. Other things related to Procurement Solicitation Bidder’s Conference Benefit both buyer and seller Can be used for watching out the Collusion Negotiation Objectives Obtain a fair and reasonable price Development a good relationship with seller Project manager must be involved Main Terms to negotiate Responsibilities, Authority, Applicable Law Technical and Business Management approaches Contract Financing, Price

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8. Other things related to Procurement assure seller’s performance meets contractual requirements Project Managers must understand the contract and manage its completion Sometimes contract is in conflict with Scope of Work Only the contracting officer (CO) can change contract language It is often a source of conflict Need to deal with a different company’s set of procedures It is not as easy to “see” problems Greater reliance on reports to determine if a problem exists Greater reliance on relationships between buyer and seller’s project managers

233 Supplement – Professional Responsibility
1. Understand Project Management Professional Code of Conduct Ethics Legal Issues Cultural Sensitivity Managing conflicts of interest

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2. Integrity(honesty) and Professionalism Understand the legal requirements surrounding the practice of projects Know ethical standards that should govern the behavior of project managers Comprehend the values of the community and the various project stakeholders Practice proper judgment in the pursuit of successful project work Compliance with all organizational rules and policies Upon a reasonable and clear factual basis report violations Responsibility to disclose circumstances that could be construed as a conflict of interest or appearance of impropriety

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2. Integrity and Professionalism Provide accurate and truthful representation to the public Maintain and satisfy the scope and objectives of professional services Maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information Ensure a conflict of interest does not compromise legitimate interests of client/customer or interfere with professional judgment Refrain from accepting gifts, inappropriate payments, compensation for personal gain unless in conformity with applicable laws or customs

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3. Contribute to advancing the project management profession Overall understanding of project management principles Understand the community and media surrounding projects Knowledge of research strategies available and proper communication techniques Learn to communicate and transfer knowledge effectively as a coach and mentor and to use available research strategies Respect and recognize intellectual property

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4. Enhance Individual Competence Understand the project manager’s strengths and weaknesses and learning style – become aware of instructional processes and tools Know the useful competencies for project managers and possible training Be able to perform self-assessment and competencies development plan Ability to apply lessons learned

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5. Balance Stakeholder’s Objectives Understand the various competing stakeholders’ interests and needs Comprehend the conflict resolution techniques useful in handling differing objectives Be able to resolve conflicts in a fair manner Exercise negotiation skills based on proper information

239 Supplement – Professional Responsibility
6. Interact with team and stakeholders in a professional and cooperative manner Understand cultural diversity, norms and stakeholders’ communication styles Show flexibility towards diversity, tolerance and self control Becoming empathetic to differences

240 Thank you for your patient and your work


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