1. BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY

2. Central Nervous System (p. 610)
Brain and spinal cord
Protected by
Skull
Vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
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3. Brain (pp. 610, 611) Main sections are: Cerebrum Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
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4. Cerebrum (p. 610) Largest area of brain Contains:
Sensory areas and motor areas
Language centers
Limbic system (this also overlaps with diencephalon)
Governs many emotions
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5. Cerebral Cortex (p. 611) Outer region Topography characterized by:
Sulci
Grooves
Fissures, or deep sulci, separate cerebrum into lobes
Gyri
Elevated ridges
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6. Cerebral Hemispheres (p. 611)
Cerebrum contains right and left hemispheres
Research indicates they possess specialized functions
Longitudinal fissure
Separates hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Transverse fibers connecting hemispheres
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7. Hemispheric Specialization (p. 611)
Left hemisphere
Language: receptive and expressive
Reasoning and analytical skills such as math
Right hemisphere
Music
Art and spatial relationships
Emotional expression
These differences were discovered mainly through examination of patients who underwent surgery to sever the corpus callosum in an attempt to control seizures.
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8. Cerebral Lobes (p. 611) Four Lobes: Frontal Parietal Temporal
Occipital
The lobes are named for the bones they lie beneath.
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9. Cerebral Lobes (p. 612) Note the lobes, different areas, and sulci.
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10. Frontal Lobe (p. 611) Regulates motor output and cognition Contains:
Broca’s areas (left hemisphere only)
Speech production
Prefrontal cortex
Where emotions are processed
Precentral gyrus
Called “primary motor area”
The central sulcus is located between the frontal and parietal lobes.
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11. Precentral Gyrus (p. 613)
The hands, face, lips, jaw, and tongue take up approximately 80% of this neural space.
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12. Parietal Lobe (p. 611) Regulates proprioception, reading, and taste
Governs sensory input
Mainly skin and muscles
Contains:
Postcentral gyrus
Called “primary somatosensory area”
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13. Postcentral Gyrus
This illustration is from chapter 22. To review, precentral gyrus is a motor area and postcentral gyrus is a somatosensory area.
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14. Temporal and Occipital Lobes (p. 611)
Temporal lobe
Contains auditory and olfactory areas
Wernicke area (left hemisphere only)
Language comprehension
Occipital lobe
Contains visual areas
The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes.
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15. Brain Waves and States of Consciousness (p. 612)
Consciousness: degree of mental alertness and responsiveness
Levels of consciousness recorded as brain wave patterns
Beta
Alpha
Theta
Delta
The devise that records brain wave patterns in an electroencephalogram or EEG.
Brain waves and their associated states of consciousness and are identified by Greek letters.
The list of brain waves on the slide is from fastest to slowest.
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16. Brain Waves Patterns (p. 612)
Beta
Wakeful consciousness and mental activity
REM sleep appears as beta waves
Alpha
Awake and relaxed
REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement and is the dreaming phase of sleep.
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17. Brain Wave Patterns, cont’d (p. 613)
Theta
Drowsiness and dreamlike awareness
Used in hypnosis to access deep-rooted memories
Delta
Deep sleep from which subject is not easily aroused
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18. Diencephalon (p. 613) Located in center of brain
Contains two primary structures:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Also contains two glands:
Pituitary
Pineal
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19. Diencephalon (overlaps with Limbic system)
Hypothalamus - in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System
Emotion, anger, memory, hunger, thirst
body temperature, sexual desire & activity
sleep-wake, biorhythms
maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses
Diencephalon #1

20. Thalamus and Hypothalamus (p. 613)
Nearly 80% of diencephalon
Relays sensory information (except olfaction) to appropriate parts of cerebrum
Hypothalamus
in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System
Controls hunger and thirst, anger and aggression, emotions, body temperature, sexual desire & activity, sleep patterns, biorhythms, maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses, etc.
Hormones from hypothalmus:
vasopression, dopamine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, melatonin, somatostatin
thyrotropin-releasing hormone, ADH
The hypothalamus also controls the 24-hour cycle called the circadian rhythm .
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21. Pituitary and Pineal Gland (p. 613)
Sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Pineal
Located below corpus callosum
The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by a slender stalk or infundibulum.
Both of these glands are discussed in Chapter 24.
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22. Limbic System
Located on border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon -C-shaped structure - wraps around thalamus and hypothalamus
Functions
1) Emotions 2) Motivation 3) Learning and Memory 4) Olfaction- smell
Structures
1) Amygdala- almond- shape, "RAGE CENTER" 2) Limbic lobe- Hippocampus, spatial learning and memory 3) Fornix- tract connecting limbic system to the hypothalamus

23. Diencephalon, Cerebellum & Brainstem (p. 614)
The main regions are bolded.
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24. Cerebellum (pp. 613-614) Located posterior and inferior to cerebrum
Regulates:
Muscle tone
Posture
Balance
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25. Brainstem (p. 614) Continuous with spinal cord Three main divisions:
Mid-brain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Structures associated with the reticular activating system are found throughout the brainstem. This system functions in waking a person from sleep and maintaining consciousness.
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26. Mid-brain and Pons (p. 614) Mid-brain Pons
Conducts impulses from cerebrum to pons
Conducts impulses from spinal cord to thalamus
Pons
Bridges cerebellum and cerebrum with spinal cord
The mid-brain also helps control movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
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27. Medulla Oblongata (p. 614)
Conducts sensory and motor impulses between brain and spinal cord
Located at inferior portion of brainstem
Contains:
Respiratory center
Cardiovascular center
Vasomotor center
Often considered most vital part of brain
The medulla also controls gastric secretions and reflexes, such as sweating, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
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28. Medulla Oblongata, cont’d (p. 614)
Contains many crossing over fibers
Ex: right side of brain governs left side of body and vice versa
This crossing is called “decussation”
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29. Blood-Brain Barrier (p. 614)
Semipermeable wall of blood capillaries
Has thick basement membrane and glial cells
Prevents or slows passage of some chemicals and pathogens from blood into CNS
Blood itself contains chemicals that can damage neurons; if neurons come into contact with blood, they die.
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30. Spinal Cord (p. 614) Exits skull via foramen magnum
Integrating center and information highway
Cauda equina
Lower portion of cord shaped like a horse tail
Filum terminale
Fibrous extension of cauda equina
The spinal cord extends to approximately the second lumbar (L2) region.
Two enlargements are located in the length of the spinal cord: one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region.
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31. Spinal Cord, cont’d (p. 614) Cross section reveals: Central canal
White matter: located on periphery
Gray matter: located in center
H-shaped
Central canal
Center of spinal cord contains CSF
The central canal runs the entire length of the cord.
CSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid.
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32. Spinal Cord: Horns (p. 614)
Gray matter in “H” contain regions called horns
Anterior horn
Lateral horn
Posterior horn
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33. Spinal Cord: Columns (p. 615)
White matter contain regions called columns
Anterior column
Lateral column
Posterior column
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34. Spinal Cord (p. 615)
Note the two enlargements to the left. The right image is a cross-section of the cord.
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35. Spinal Cord: Tracts (p. 615)
Collection of nerves running up and down spine
Two types:
Ascending
Sensory (afferent) impulses travel up cord
Descending
Motor (efferent) impulses travel down cord
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36. Meninges (p. 615)
Connective tissue coverings surrounding brain and spinal cord
Contains three layers
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37. Meningeal Layers (p. 615) Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater
Innermost delicate layer
Attaches to brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid
Middle layer resembling a spider’s web
Dura mater
Outermost dense layer
Lies against skull and spinal column
The dura surrounding the brain dips down between the cerebral hemispheres, creating the falx cerebri; dips across between the cerebrum and cerebellum, creating the tentorium cerebelli; and dips down between the paired cerebellar hemispheres to create the falx cerebelli.
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38. Meningeal Spaces (p. 615) Subarachnoid space Subdural space
Located between pia and arachnoid
Filled with CSF
Subdural space
Located between dura and arachnoid
Filled with serous fluid
Epidural space
Located between dura and vertebral canal
Filled with fat and blood vessels
The epidural space is the safest place for injections such as saddle blocks.
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39. Cerebrospinal Fluid (p. 616)
Fluid circulating around brain and spinal cord
Functions include:
Supplies O2 and nutrients
Carries away wastes
Acts as a shock absorber
As mentioned previously, CSF is found within the subarachnoid space.
CSF is sensitive to glucose and electrolyte balance and to changes in the carbon dioxide content.
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40. ACB 81
ACB 81 - Meninges

41. ACB 82
ACB 82 - Circulation of CSF

42. Meninges in Skull Region (p. 615)
The three layers are bolded.
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43. Cranial Nerves (p. 616)
I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory/spinal accessory XII: Hypoglossal
Cranial nerves emerge from the inferior surface of the brain and are named by Roman numerals or by the area(s) they supply.
More information can be found on page 616.
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44. Cranial Nerves (p. 617)
Cranial nerve V is affected in trigeminal neuralgia.
Cranial nerve VII is affected in Bell palsy.
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45. ACB 88
ACB 88 - Brachial Plexus - upper half

46. ACB 89
ACB 89 - Lumbar Plexus

47. Autonomic Nervous System
A Spectrum from
Parasympathetic…..to……Sympathetic
Rest/repose……balance..….Fight/flight
Autonomic Nervous System

48. Autonomic Nervous System (p. 621)
Innervates cardiac and smooth muscles/glands, thus regulating:
Heart and respiration rates
Blood circulation
Body temperature
Gastrointestinal activity
Two divisions:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
The effects of these two systems are most often opposed; one system excites, and the other system inhibits.
Instructor memo: Be sure and discuss Table 23-2 on page 621 entitled “Various Autonomic Responses.” Some effects will be featured on the Exam View question bank.
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49. Dual Innervation (p. 621)
Innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Some have only sympathetic innervation
Ex: adrenal glands and blood vessels
Some have only parasympathetic innervation
Ex: lacrimal apparatus
In extreme fear, both systems may act simultaneously, producing involuntary emptying of the bladder and rectum and a generalized sympathetic response.
The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for tear production in the eyes.
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50. Parasympathetic Nervous System (p. 621)
Supports functions that conserve and restore energy
Maintains homeostasis
Regulates urinary and digestive processes, defecation, and storing nutrients
Most active under calm conditions
Called “rest-and-digest” or “housekeeping” division
Referred to as craniosacral outflow
Fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are located at the spinal cord level S2 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
See Box 23-1 on page 623 entitled “Self-Awareness and Massage Therapy.”
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51. Sympathetic Nervous System (p. 623)
Uses body energy for periods of physical exertion or emotional stress
Adrenals secrete epinephrine
Effects include increased respiration and heart rate and blood pressure
Called “fight-or-flight” or “stress” response
Referred to as thoracolumbar outflow
Fibers of the sympathetic system are located between T1 to L2.
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52. Autonomic Nervous System (p. 622)
Note how sympathetic nerves arise from the thoracolumbar region and parasympathetic nerves arise from the craniosacral region.
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53. Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis
Pupils widen Pupils contract
Sweat n/a
Less salivation More salvation
Less G-I secretion More G-I secretion
More epinephrine & n/a
glucorticoid secretion
Dilates brochioles Constricts bronchioles
Increases rate & strength Decreases rate &
of heart’s contraction strength of contraction
PNS - SNS Emphasis #1

54. Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis
Constricts blood vessels
In skin and viscera
Dilates vessels in muscles Dilates vessels in viscera
Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis
Decreases activity of Increases activity
gallbladder, stomach, gallbladder, stomach,
intestines, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, uterus bladder, uterus
PNS - SNS Emphasis #2

57. Touch can… Expand the autonomic “range of motion”
Facilitate greater autonomic balance
Teach person to inhabit fertile mid-ground between sleeping and waking
Create non-verbal learning/neurological repatterning
Touch Can… effect ANS

58. Massage & the Nervous System
Tissue dysfunction
Self-image
Posture & Movement
Emotion
Memory
Awareness / Learning
Spirit
Massage & the Nervous System