1. DNA Technology & Genomics

2. O.J. Simpson capital murder case,1/95-9/95
Odds of blood in Ford Bronco not being R. Goldman’s:
6.5 billion to 1
Odds of blood on socks in bedroom not being N. Brown-Simpson’s:
8.5 billion to 1
Odds of blood on glove not being from R. Goldman, N. Brown-Simpson, and O.J. Simpson:
21.5 billion to 1
Number of people on planet earth:
6.1 billion
Odds of being struck by lightning in the U.S.:
2.8 million to 1
Odds of winning the Illinois Big Game lottery:
76 million to 1
Odds of getting killed driving to the gas station to buy a lottery ticket
4.5 million to 1
Odds of seeing 3 albino deer at the same time:
85 million to 1
Odds of having quintuplets:
Odds of being struck by a meteorite:
10 trillion to 1

3. Recombinant DNA
Def: DNA in which genes from 2 different sources are linked
Genetic engineering: direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Biotechnology: manipulation of organisms or their components to perform practical tasks or provide useful products

4. Bacterial plasmids in gene cloning

5. DNA Cloning
Restriction enzymes (endonucleases): in nature, these enzymes protect bacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up the DNA (restriction); very specific
Restriction site: recognition sequence for a particular restriction enzyme
Restriction fragments: segments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes in a reproducable way
Sticky end: short extensions of restriction fragments
DNA ligase: enzyme that can join the sticky ends of DNA fragments
Cloning vector: DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there (usually bacterial plasmids)

6. Steps for eukaryotic gene cloning
Isolation of cloning vector (bacterial plasmid) & gene-source DNA (gene of interest)
Insertion of gene-source DNA into the cloning vector using the same restriction enzyme; bind the fragmented DNA with DNA ligase
Introduction of cloning vector into cells (transformation by bacterial cells)
Cloning of cells (and foreign genes)
Identification of cell clones carrying the gene of interest

7. DNA Analysis & Genomics
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Gel electrophoresis
Restriction fragment analysis (RFLPs)
Southern blotting
DNA sequencing
Human genome project

8. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Amplification of any piece of DNA without cells (in vitro)
Materials: heat, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, single-stranded DNA primers
Applications: fossils, forensics, prenatal diagnosis, etc.

9. DNA Analysis
Gel electrophoresis: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of the same length

10. Restriction fragment analysis
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Southern blotting: process that reveals sequences and the RFLPs in a DNA sequence
DNA Fingerprinting

11. DNA Sequencing
Determination of nucleotide sequences (Sanger method, sequencing machine)
Genomics: the study of genomes based on DNA sequences
Human Genome Project

12. Practical DNA Technology Uses
Diagnosis of disease
Human gene therapy
Pharmaceutical products (vaccines)
Forensics
Animal husbandry (transgenic organisms)
Genetic engineering in plants
Ethical concerns?