1. Preliminary Results CARBOOCEAN WOCE AR7E section 2005, 2007 Hein de Baar, Steven van Heuven, Hendrik van Aken and many others

2. WOCE section AR7E Northern Ireland - Southern Greenland CarboOcean 2005, 2007 Repeat sections RV Pelagia by Royal NIOZ and University of Groningen Central Irminger Sea Time Series Moorings NIOZ YoYo-CTD, etc. AR7E section

3. Compare with paleo-proxy CO2 data of the previous century 1930's Wattenberg (Kiel), Meteor expedition –data of historical interest only –no stations near Iceland-Greenland GEOSECS 1970's –acid titration for Alk and DIC (Edmond, Bradshaw et al) –only few stations near Iceland-Greenland 1981 Transient Tracers in the Oceans TTO-NAS –improved titrator design (Bradshaw, Brewer, Sachs et al.) –improved thermostat control etc. etc. –DIC values from titrators has reproducibility of circa 10-12 micromol –better DIC value calculated via pCO2 etc (Tanhua, Wallace, 2005) –error bars of circa 4-6 micromol for Alk and DIC Coulometry better 1-2 micromol reproducibility, JGOFS-NABE 1989 etc 1993-1994 onwards cruises have modern accuracy, e.g. CLIVAR –Coulometry plus Dickson certified standards

4. Compare with paleo-proxy CO2 data of the previous century 1981 Transient Tracers in the Oceans TTO-NAS (Brewer, Bradshaw etal) –better DIC value calculated via pCO2 etc (Tanhua, Wallace, 2005) –error bars of circa 4-6 micromol for Alk and DIC

5. Average increase in DIC from 1981 to 2005 is 13.2 µmol/kg Steven van Heuven, Hein de Baar, Hendrik van Aken

6. Average decrease in pH from 1981 to 2005 is 0.0323 Steven van Heuven, Hein de Baar, Hendrik van Aken

7. Shoaling of aragonite horizon Black line is aragonite saturation horizon (omega=1) Steven van Heuven, Hein de Baar, Hendrik van Aken 1981

8. Shoaling of aragonite horizon Black line is aragonite saturation horizon (omega=1) Steven van Heuven, Hein de Baar, Hendrik van Aken 2005

9. So far, so good ? 1981-2005 trends of DIC, pH, omega- aragonite are in expected directions 2 datapoints (1981, 2005) is adequate in geochemistry ('Turekian truism') reconstructed 1981 TTO data remains less solid than modern 2005 data

10. Shoaling of aragonite horizon ? Black line is aragonite saturation horizon (omega=1) Steven van Heuven, Hein de Baar, Hendrik van Aken 2007

11. 1981 2005 2007 Shoaling of aragonite horizon ?? - variability of water mass hydrography, Hendrik van Aken - also use yoyo-CTD time series for hydrography variability

12. Future work completion of Carina database –systematic integral corrections of offsets between datasets of ALL North Atlantic cruises –will yield best possible 'final' values of 'paleoproxy' CO2 data of previous century process data of recent cruises –AR7E September 2007 (Steven van Heuven etal.) –North Atlantic Ireland-Madeira, November 2007 (Steven van Heuven) –hydrography variability –direct comparison with 'paleo'-cruises –algorithms to resolve anthropogenic CO2 (Gruber method, TROCA, and others) 2009/2010 PhD thesis Steven van Heuven –on deep North Atlantic CO2 changes

13. DIC increase pH decrease